Alexandra E. Rizzo & A. Cecília Z. Amaral

Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Fax (55) 19 32893124, e-mail: aerizzo@rc.unesp.br

Recibido: 27-IV-2000 Corregido: 2-I-2001 Aceptado: 25-II-2001

Abstract

Benthic annelid communities were studied during a one-year period (August/95 to July/96) in two sectors of the beaches Engenho d’Água and São Francisco, São Sebastião Channel (São Paulo, Brazil), where the substrate is composed by a mixture of sand and rock fragments. Abiotic parameters such as salinity of interstitial water and sediment properties were used to characterize the environment. The polychaetes were well represented in the two sectors and their distribution was related with sediment type. The density of individuals and the number of taxa was higher at São Francisco, while the diversity and the evenness were higher at Engenho d’Água. This difference can be a consequence of organic enrichment caused by domestic input, and of the lower and more variable salinity at São Francisco. Due to these factors, a high density of opportunistic species, like Capitella capitata ssp., Scolelepis squamata, Laeonereis acuta and several oligochaetes, represented 75.5% of total abundance at this sector.

Key words: Sand with rock fragments beach, intertidal zone, annelids, polychaetes, São Sebastião Channel, Brazil.

 

Sandy beaches, as important coastal ecosystems, shelter a high diversity of taxonomic groups that form considerable links in the marine food web (Feder & Jewett 1981). The species diversity, abundances and dominance of sandy beach communities is often associated with environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, tide variations, wave action, topography, and granulometry (Snelgrove & Butman 1994, McLachlan 1996). Interactions between these factors are responsible for the stability of the system and alterations caused directly or indirectly by humans may disrupt the system and it may take a long time for recovery (Pearson & Rosenberg 1978).

Polychaetes are important representatives of the marine benthic macrofauna and have often been utilized in environmental monitoring programs as their diversity and relative abundances may be an indication of environmental disturbance (Choi & Koh 1984, Pocklington & Wells 1992). In sheltered beaches macrofauna from the intertidal zones may dominate and the polychaetes are usually the more abundant group (Brown & McLachlan 1990, Amaral et al. 1995).

Opportunistic species have been receiving great attention in studies of organically enriched areas because they can be used to characterize the degree of impact that has affected a certain locality (Grassle & Grassle 1974). The capitelid polychaetes, especially Capitella capitata "complex", are classified as r-strategists, having the ability to colonize new habitats quickly (Tsutsumi 1990). In undisturbed conditions these r-strategist species are replaced by k-strategist species (Pianka 1970, Gray 1981) which, with rare exceptions, dominate numerically in the community.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of environmental variables in the density, frequency, diversity and evenness of annelids in a intertidal environment at two beaches of São Sebastião Channel (Engenho d’Agua and São Francisco) and to compare to results obtained in previous studies. The data of spatial and temporal distribution were analysed in Rizzo & Amaral (in press).

 

Material and methods

The beaches at Engenho d’Água and São Francisco are located in the northern part of São Sebastião Channel (between 45⁰21’W, 23⁰43’S and 45⁰27’30"W, 23⁰52’30"S). São Francisco Beach is more densely populated then Engenho d'Água Beach due to the intense flow of tourists in the summer and by harbor activities, due the presence of the largest oil terminal in the country "Dutos e Terminais Centro Sul" (DTCS – Central and Southern Ducts and Terminals). The substrate found at the studied localities is composed by a mixture of sand and rock fragments, presenting a high environmental complexity (Rizzo & Amaral, 2000).

Between August 1995 and July 1996, samples were collected in the intertidal zone at the beaches: Engenho d’Água (180 samples) and São Francisco (180 samples). At each beach, a 10m-wide sector was established with an amplitude corresponding to the extension of the intertidal zone. These sectors were defined using visual markers. The samples were taken during the syzygy tides using a cylindrical sampler with an area of 0.01m² which was inserted in the sediment to a depth of 20 cm.

In order to characterize the system, granulometry and organic matter in the sediment (36 samples/sector) were sampled seasonally. Sediment temperature and salinity of the interstitial water (108 samples/sector) were sampled monthly.

Biological samples were washed with sea water and sieved using 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm mesh screens and the organisms anesthetized with magnesium chloride, fixed in 4% formaldehyde, and later preserved in 70% ethanol.

The salinity of the interstitial water was evaluated using a portable Goldberg T/C refractometer, model 10419. Samples of water were collected and sent to CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia e Saneamento Ambiental) for the analysis of fecal coliforms. According to the resolution of CONAMA Nr. 20/1986, beaches with fecal coliform counts greater than 1000/100ml of water are considered inappropriate for resorts. The organic matter content was analyzed according to Amoureux (1966) while granulometric analysis was accomplished using the technique proposed by Suguio (1973). A program developed at the sedimentology laboratory of the Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, was used to obtain the statistical parameters of Folk & Ward (1957).

The environmental variables were submitted to the analysis of factorial variance to test the inequalities between the two sectors. The salinity of the interstitial water and the temperature of the sediment were tested using the factorial type model elaborated with beach and month factors while the model used for the sedimentary parameters (mean grain size, selection coefficient and organic matter) utilized beach and season (SAS program v.6.0).

Species diversity and evenness were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener index (H') (Krebs 1986). In many of the samples each species was represented by only a few individuals, and consequently there were few numerically dominant species. To express the results in a better way, graphs of absolute abundance were elaborated (Fig. 1). The binary index of Jaccard was used to compare the similarity between the communities of the two sectors. The Jaccard index ranges from 0 (no similarity) to 1 (total similarity) and was calculated using the KREBS Program (Valentin 1995).

Results

Environmental variables: The maximum and minimum values, as well as the mean and standard deviation of the main parameters analyzed are shown in Table 1. The granulometry of the sediment, both in the Engenho d’Água sector and at São Francisco, showed a typical sandy constitution with very coarse and fine sand occurring in both sectors. The largest range in grain size was found at São Francisco (-0.67 – 2.36 phi), suggesting an accentuated heterogeneity. During most of the year, medium (54.2 %) and coarse (40.2 %) sand predominated at Engenho d’Água and coarse (54.9 %) and very coarse (32.4 %) sand at São Francisco. The medium diameter of the grain differed statistically in the analysis of variance (F=0.0019; p<0.001) undertaken to test the inequalities between the two sectors.

The values of the selection coefficient varied from 0.70 (Engenho d’Água) to 1.97 (São Francisco) and they are moderately to poorly selected. For this parameter, the means observed in the two sectors were very close, while the standard deviation was larger at São Francisco (0.67).

The concentration of organic matter had a larger amplitude of variation at São Francisco (0.04 to 5.84 %) which is located close the exit of a domestic sewer. At Engenho d’Água organic matter values were more homogeneous (0.63 to 2.65 %), however, were not verified significant statistical differences between the two sectors.

The means of the sediment temperature were the same at the two sectors, although the standard deviation was larger at São Francisco (4.4) due to the extreme values caused by seasonal variations.

The salinity also showed a wide variation in both sectors, reaching a minimum value of 4‰ at Engenho d’Água and a maximum value of 34‰ at São Francisco. The more extreme variations occurred at São Francisco which had a mean value of 26.35‰ and a standard deviation of 5.35‰, showing a significant difference (F=0.0001; p<0.001) between the two environments.

The analysis of fecal coliformes in the São Francisco sector revealed a water quality index (800 NMP) that was very close to the tolerable limit for resorts, while Engenho d’Água can be considered as having an excellent water quality (11 NMP).
 

Species composition: Table 2 presents the occurrence, density, diversity and evenness values for the species of annelids found during the sample period at Engenho d’Água and São Francisco sectors. A total of 2869 individuals were collected, distributed among 60 taxa belonging to 26 polychaete families and one oligochaete family. At Engenho d’Água, Cirriformia filigera (22.1 %), Nematonereis hebes (18.1%), Scyphoproctus djiboutiensis (9.4%) and Owenia fusiformis (8.1 %) were the most abundant species amounting to 57.7 % of the individuals collected in this sector. São Francisco had the largest number of individuals sampled (67.8%) with only four species, Capitella capitata ssp (33.4 %), Scolelepis squamata (23.9 %), Laeonereis acuta (7.3 %) and the oligochaete Tubificidae (10.9 %) making up 75.6 % of the total number of individuals.

Table 2

 

Family	Species	Engenho d'Água	São Francisco
Polychaeta
Sigalionidae	Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1839)	4	1
Amphinomidae	Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766)	6	11
	Pseudoeurythoe ambigua Fauvel, 1932		1
Phyllodocidae	Anaitides madeirensis (Langerhans, 1880)		1
Hesionidae	Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson, 1901)	3	2
Pilargidae	Ansistrosyllis jonesi Pettibone, 1966	5
	Parandalia americana (Hartman, 1947)		1
	Sigambra grudii Müller, 1858	1	20
Syllidae	Langerhansia cornuta (Rathke, 1843)	8	6
Nareididae	Nereidae Undetermined		2
	Laeonereis acuta Treadwell, 1923	3	143
	Neanthes sp.	19	1
	Platynereis dumerilii (A. and M. Edwards, 1834)	1	2
Giniadidae	Glyncinde multidens Müller, 1858	9	14
	Goniada littorea Hartman, 1950	2	5
Glyceridae	Hemipodus californiensis Hartman, 1938		1
Onuphidae	Diopatra cuprea (Box, 1802)	12	5
	Moorenuphis lineata Lana, 1991		1
Eunicidae	Marphysa formosa Steiner and Amaral, 2000		45
	Marphysa sebastiana Steiner and Amaral, 2000	10	27
	Nematonereis hebes Verril, 1900	167	3
Lumbrineridae	Lumbrineris tetraura (Shmarda, 1861)	2	14
Dorvilleidae	Dorvillea sp.		1
Orbinniidae	Naineris setosa (Verril, 1900)	55	35
	Scoloplos (Leodamas) dubia Tebble, 1955		6
	Scoloplos treadwelli Eising, 1914		10
Spionidae	Spionidae Undetermined	1
	Bocardia redeki Okuda, 1937		2
	Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951		5
	Polydora websteri Hartman, 1943		1
	Prionospio heterobranchia Moore, 1907	33	5
	Scolelepis squamata (Müller, 1806)	3	466
Magelonidae	Magelona papillicornis Müller, 1858	16	2
Poecilochaetidae	Poecilochaetus australis Nonato, 1963		3
Cirratulidae	Timarete filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1825)	204	63
	Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808)	12	2
Opheliidae	Armandia agilis Andrews, 1891	1
capitellidae	Capitellidae Undetermined	2
	Capitella capitata ssp.	18	651
	Capitomastus minimus (Langerhans, 1881)	2	61
	Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède, 1869)	54	55
	Mediomastus californiensis Hartman, 1944	15	22
	Notomastus hemipodus Hartam, 1945	4
	Notomastus lobatus Hartam, 1947	40
	Notomastus sp.	1
	Scyphoproctus djiboutiensis Gravier, 1906	87	6
Oweniidae	Owenia fusiformis Claparède, 1970	75
Pectinariidae	Pectinaria laelia Nonato, 1981		3
Ampharetidae	Isolda pulchella Müller , 1858	37	23
Terebellidae	Terebellidae Undetermined	2	1
	Loimia medusa (Savigny, 1818)		1
	Pista corrientis McIntish, 1885		2
	Polycirrus plumosus (Wolleback, 1912)	1
Trichobranchidae	Terebellides anguicomus Müller, 1858		1
Sabellidae	Sabellidae Undetermined	1
	Branchiomma nigromaculata (Baird, 1865)	2	1
	Pseudobranchiomma sp.	1
	Megalomma bioculatum (Ehlers, 1867)	1
	Megalomma sp.	1
Oligochaeta
Tubificidae	Tubifex sp.	2	212
Number of Individuals (1.8m2)		923	1946
Number of Species		42	47
Shannon's Diversity (H')		3.839	3.179
Evennes (E)		0.712	0.572

 

Of the 47 species that occurred at São Francisco and of the 42 species that occurred at Engenho d’Água, 29 were common to both sectors. Eighteen were exclusive to São Francisco and 13 to Engenho d’Água. Comparing the two sectors, the Jaccard index of similarity was 0.659 indicating a 66% similarity between the two annelid communities.

Although the number of species found at São Francisco is larger than at Engenho d’Água, the indexes of Shannon-Wiener (H') showed that the diversity (3.839 bits/ind.) and the evenness (0.712) were higher at Engenho d’Água than at São Francisco (H’ = 3.179; E = 0.572) due to a lower level of numerical dominance by a few species. Figure 1 shows how these species behave when plotted in an absolute abundance graph.

 

Discussion

The number of species of polychaetes found at Engenho d’Água and São Francisco sectors are probably related to the substrate which is a mixture of fine to very coarse sand and rock fragments at both sites, presumably providing a wide variety of niches and, consequently, minimizing the interspecific interactions. A study in the Bay of Kwangyang (Korea) showed that the community of polychaetes had a larger density in sand-mud sediment and a tendency to decrease in abundance in finer sediment (Choi & Koh 1984). Even so, these authors concluded that the mixture of sediments can be more advantageous for an increase in the diversity and abundance.

Although the studied beaches do not appropriately fit in to the classification established by Wright & Short (1984) they can be characterized as protected due to contrasting characteristics such as minimum wave action and little slope besides they are sheltered inside São Sebastião Channel. Such beaches composed by sand with rock fragments are commonly denominated in the literature as mixed rock and sand beach (Brown et al. 1991).

For Dexter (1988) the degree of exposure can be a decisive factor for the establishment of macrofauna at sand beaches. The macrofauna of sheltered beaches is characterized by higher density and diversity than that of exposed beaches (Allen & Moore 1987). This was supported by Amaral et al. (1995) and Denadai & Amaral (1999) who studied some aspects of the intertidal zone macrofauna of beaches of São Sebastião Channel and found a higher species diversity and density specific an lower energy beach. However, the stability of São Francisco Sector has been disturbed by the effects of domestic sewage on sediment, altering the salinity and organic matter values and consequently the faunistic composition.

In terms of granulometric composition, the predominance of coarse and very coarse sand at São Francisco is related to the rains and intense winds that caused strong breakers in the summer, mixing the sediments and depositing larger particles in the lower levels of the intertidal zone. According to Fontes (1996), the circulation of currents in the summer occurs in two layers: the superficial layers flow predominantly in a south-westerly direction by the predominating winds while the deep currents flow towards the NE, probably under the influence of intrusions that occur near the southern insular margin of channel. That process can partly explain the significant difference between the medium diameter of the grains observed at each sector.

The São Francisco Sector, located a few meters away from an exit of a domestic sewage revealed a water quality index very close to the limit tolerated for bathhing. Although significant differences between organic matter at Engenho d’Água and São Francisco, the organic content in the sediment is considered a source of constant food for detritivores and suspension feeders (Snelgrove & Butman 1994), but not always is well quantified and depend of the method employed. The organic particulate material can be of autochthonous (plant fragments, feces) or allochthonous (transported by oceanic currents, fluvial channels or wind) origin. At Engenho d’Água, the concentration of organic matter may be a result of the decomposition of algae remains, or of the angiosperm Halodule, which is abundant in the area (Amaral et al. 1995). At São Francisco, besides the decomposition of animal and plant remains, untreated waters of domestic origin, may have contributed to the maximum value of organic matter (5.84%).

Some organisms tolerate some degree of pollution. According to Pearson & Rosenberg (1978), species or group of species associated with organic enrichment tended to be ubiquitous, but the behavior of these species in relation to the organic enrichment is similar, independent of their geographical location. Associations between one or more species of capitelid, spionid, nereid polychaetes and/or species of oligochaetes are common in studies of stressed environments. This maybe the case for C. capitata ssp., S. squamata and of the oligochaetes which contribute with 68.3% of the total of individuals sampled at São Francisco.

In studies accomplished at São Sebastião Channel, like those of Amaral et al. (1990) another association was observed, Heteromastus filiformis, Tubifex sp. and Kalliapseudes schubarti. This tanaidacean occurs in large numbers in the Araçá region (São Sebastião) and is considered an r-strategist and opportunist (Leite 1989).

In this study, Capitella capitata ssp was the dominant species reaching 651 ind/1.8 m² in the most eutrophic sector (São Francisco). The other capitelids, Capitomastus minimus, H. filiformis, Mediomastus californiensis, Notomastus hemipodus, N. lobatus and Scyphoproctus djiboutiensis constituted 12% of all the collected individuals. C. capitata "complex" tolerates a wide variation in salinity and depth, occurring from estuaries to the deep sea. The biological activities of Capitella, such as feeding and bioturbation can aid in the decomposition of organic matter and in the oxidation of sulfites in the sediment (Chareonpanich et al. 1994).

The second most common species, S. squamata, is commonly found in the intertidal zone of beaches in São Paulo State (Amaral 1979, Amaral et al. 1990, Corbisier 1991, Shimizu 1995) and Paraná State (Souza & Gianuca 1995). It is a generalist species, ingesting sand particles of several sizes, and can also be predacious and/or coprophagous (Dauer 1983). It preferentially inhabits fine sand sediments (Shimizu 1995) with low amounts of silt and clay (Corbisier 1991). It adapts easily to different environmental pressures, such as great salinity oscillations (Amaral 1979), biological contamination and oil spills (Shimizu 1995). In São Francisco, the high density of S. squamata does not seem to be associated directly to the type of sediment, but to the local hydrodinamism and organic enrichment.

Laeonereis acuta occurred at a high density at Enseada Beach, was abundant at São Francisco (7.3% of the total number) and was also frequently found at the beaches studied by Omena & Amaral (1997) in São Sebastião, SP. This species tolerates great salinity variations, being common in estuaries. In Bahia Blanca, Argentina, the highest recorded abundance of L. acuta (1024 ind/m²) was at the greatest salinity gradient 31.9‰ (Elias & Ieno 1993). On the other hand, the occurrence of L. acuta and S. squamata in the estuarine system of Santos (SP), was related to the low salinity of the interstitial water (Corbisier 1991). At São Francisco L. acuta reached its largest densities (29 to 47 ind/0.15 m²) when the salinity was between 16 and 31‰.

Compared to the São Francisco Sector, Engenho d’Água had a reduced number of species and individuals. The most abundant species at Engenho d’Água were Cirriformia filigera, Nematonereis hebes, Scyphoproctus djiboutiensis and Owenia fusiformis. Amaral et al. (1995) registered low densities and number of species at Engenho d’Água, with O. fusiformis the only dominant. In this study, O. fusiformis is also one of the dominant species with 75 ind/1.8m². These values are relatively low when compared to those obtained at the Seine Bay (English Channel), that reached densities superior to 4000 ind./m² mainly due to recruitment (Ménard et al. 1989).

Although the density and the number of species were smaller at Engenho d’Água, the diversity and evenness indexes were highers once more equal distribution among species may increase diversity using the Shannon-Wiener function (Krebs 1986). The absolute abundance was lower because the number of species represented by a single individual is very high at São Francisco and at Engenho d’Água.

 

Acknowledgments

We thank E. Soares Marinho, A. Máximo Rosa (UNICAMP) and to CEBIMar technicians, who helped in the field work. We are particularly grateful to the "Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar-USP)" for the logistics support. This research was supported by grants from "Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)" and from "Fundo de Apoio à Pesquisa (FAEP-UNICAMP)".

 

Resumen

Se estudiaron las comunidades bénticas de anélidos durante un periodo de un año (de agosto/95 a julio/96) en dos sectores de las playas Engenho d’Água and São Francisco, Canal de São Sebastião, donde el sustrato está compuesto por una mezcla de arena y fragmentos de roca. Se usaron parámetros abióticos como salidad del agua intersticial y propiedades de sedimento para caracterizar el ambiente. Los poliquetos estuvieron bien representados en los dos sectores y su distribución fue relacionada con el tiempo de sedimento. La densidad de los individuos y el número de táxones fuero mayores en São Francisco, mientras que la diversidad y la equidad fueron mayores en Engenho d’Água. Esta diferencia puede ser una consecueciade u enriquecimiento orgánico causado por una entrada doméstica y la salinidad más baja y variable en São Francisco. Debido a estos factores, la alta densidad de especiesoprtunistas como Capitella capitata ssp., Scolelepis squamata, Laeonereis acuta y varios oligochaetes, representó 75.5% de la abundancia local en ese sector.

 

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