Abstract

CUARTERO ESCOBES, Susana. Associative movements in Spanish Freemasonry in the Philippines. REHMLAC [online]. 2020, vol.12, n.1-2, pp.83-100. ISSN 1659-4223.  http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rehmlac.v12i1-2.40801.

From the 1880s, Spain was unable to manage the situation in the Spanish Pacific due to its obsolete administrative system. An emerging elite of Filipinos stood in the increasingly widening gap between peninsular people and native people. This group of Filipinos educated in Spanish centers began to have ideas of their own. The stay of several Filipinos in Spain gave them the opportunity to group in many associations and institutions such as Freemasonry and around prominent figures such as José Rizal or Miguel Morayta, they only had one purpose: to announce the Philippine problem and getting modernizing reforms.

Keywords : Philippines; Spanish Freemasonry; Katipunan; José Rizal; Miguel Morayta.

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