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Revista de Biología Tropical

versión On-line ISSN 0034-7744versión impresa ISSN 0034-7744

Rev. biol. trop vol.49 no.1 San José mar. 2001

 

A new rabbit species (sylvilagus, Mammalia: leporidae) from the lowlands of venezuela 
 
 
Pedro Durant1 and Manuel A. Guevara2
 
 Recibido  22-X-1999   Corregido  30-VI-2000   Aceptado   4 VIII-2000
 
Abstract
A new species of Venezuelan rabbit of the genus Sylvilagus from Fundo Millano (08º 46´N and 69º 56´W) and Chorrosco Bajo (08º 05´N and 69º 18´W), between 190 and 120 masl, state of Barinas, is described based on:  1.  Body and skull measurements.  2.  Coloration patterns of the pelage.  3.  Arrangement and length of the color hair bands of dorsal, lateral, ventral nuchal, and gular patches.  Body and cranial measurements, and some color patterns of the new species, Sylvilagus varynaensis, were compared with those of the closest relative groups such as S. brasiliensis (from Venezuela and Brazil), S. b. meridensis from the Venezuelan paramos, and three of the most representative groups of S. floridanus (S. f. continentis, S. f. orinoci, and  S. f. valenciae).  Most of the values recorded for these parameters were significally higher for the new species (P < 0.005; Student “t” test).   Cluster and principal components analysis of the data recorded for cranial characteristics indicated that S. varynaensis is the largest and darkest of the known Venezuelan rabbits, with a broader elongated skull and a different arrangement of the color hair bands.

Key words: Neotropics, Venezuela, rabbits, new species, Sylvilagus skull measuments, cluster analysis.
  
 
Speciation and subspeciation is high among the new world members of the genus Sylvilagus.  Nine subspecies of Sylvilagus floridanus Allen, 1890, and 22 subspecies of S. brasiliensis Linnaeus, 1758, have been recognized in South America.  Of these, the least well known is the latter species. Its first description was done on one specimen from Pernambuco, Brazil (Hershkovitz 1950).
 
Three pairs of teats (pectoral, abdominal, and inguinal), a button-shaped and uniformly colored tail, and reddish coloration on the dorsal region of the body were given by Hershkovitz (1950) as specific characteristics of S. brasiliensis.  By comparison, the cottontail rabbit (S. floridanus) is characterized by having four pairs of teats:   pectoral (1), abdominal (2), and inguinal (1); a longer and bicolored tail (dorsal reddish-brown and ventral cotton-white), and reddish-brown to gray of dorsal body region.
 
Three subspecies of S. brasiliensis and five subspecies of  S. floridanus have been described from Venezuela.  Differences among these groups are based primary on color patterns and geographic distribution (Hershkovitz 1950, Durant and Pérez 1989).  The most thoroughly characterized are S. b. meridensis Thomas, 1904 (Durant 1988), and S. f. continentis Osgood, 1912 (Ojeda and Keith 1982Ochoa et al.  1987Durant and Pérez 1995).  To extend our knowledge of these animals, an ecological study of some populations of Venezuelan  rabbits was carried out between 1989 and 1990 in two  areas of  Barinas state.  Several specimens of an apparently new species of rabbit were taken from these areas.  Additional rabbits of the same type also were captured in the neighboring states of Portuguesa and Guárico.  All individuals had three pairs of teats, a short tail of an almost uniform coloration, as in S. brasiliensis; however, they had  different patterns of hair color bands on the body.  The greatest differences from the other rabbit groups, however, were the body and cranial sizes, which are the largest among the Venezuelan rabbits.  Based on these considerations, the above mentioned specimens are used to describe a new species of rabbit.

Materials and methods
 
Selection of holotype and paratypes
 
A specimen was selected at random from 45 adult rabbits collected in the study area.  This specimen was a female with  catalogue number I-5778 of the Colección de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Los Andes (CVULA), Mérida, Venezuela.
 
Five female skins and skulls (I-5783, I-5784, I-5786, I-5787, I-5788) and five males (I-5779, I-5780, I-5781, I-5782, I-5785) from the collecting areas were also chosen at random, and labelled as paratypes. All them were a very well made skin and skull specimens.  Body measurements were taken from the specimen tag, and 35 quantitative cranial measurements (Appendix 1) were recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm using a calipers (Diersing and Wilson 1980Pilleri and Pilleri 1984Wilkins 1985).  Sample size for cranial characteristics of the new species include:   22 adult females and 23 adult males from “Fundo Millano”  (type locality) and “Chorrosco Bajo", Barinas. Similar body and skull measurements were taken for S. brasiliensis  (N = 66), from Brazil (identified as S. b. B.), Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ), and from Venezuela, S. brasiliensis  (N = 36), named S. b. V. Colección de Mamíferos de la Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande (EBRG), Maracay, Aragua;  S. b. meridensis (N = 42), and  S. f. continentis Osgood, 1912 (N = 40), from CVULA;  S. f. orinoci Thomas, 1900 (N = 27), and S. f. valenciae Thomas, 1914 (N = 86), from EBRG.

Hair description was strengthened by measurements of hair color bands from a sample of 30 hairs from the following body regions:   dorsal, lateral, ventral, nuchal, and gular patches and ventral and dorsal side of the tail.  Measurements were taken at the distal section of each hair and are referred to as the length (mm) of the black (B), dark-red (DR), light red (LR), and light-cream (LC) bands.  Length of hair color bands was measured on one specimen from each group named above, and one specimen of S. floridanus from Texas, USA.  Distribution and length differences of the hair color bands made up the main coloration patterns in these rabbit groups (Durant 1982). Standard deviation, Student test, variance, and correlation analysis (Sokal & Rohlf 1969),  were applied to assay the levels of association, differences, and significance  variations.  Principal component analysis (PCA) of the skull measurements was performed to assess the correlation among variables and components in the groups  being compared.  Principal components techniques were carried out using the French Statistical Package Staticf (FSPS), and correlation matrix.  Cluster analysis, Euclidean distance, and one way  analysis of variance were run with the FSPS.

Sylvilagus varynaensis, new species
 
Holotype: Adult female number I-5778, collected by Pedro Durant and Manuel A. Guevara, 17 August 1989.

Type locality:  “Fundo Millano” (08º 46´N and 69º 56´W), el. 146 m, 18 km NE of the town of Sabaneta, Distrito Obispos, Barinas, Venezuela (Fig. 1).
 
Distribution: “Chorrosco Bajo” (08º 05´N and 69º 18´W), el. 82 m, 112 km E from the type locality, and 28 km EN of Ciudad de Nutrias, on the Sabaneta road - Ciudad de Nutrias, Barinas. “Hato Cantaclaro”, 15 km N of the town of Santa Rosa (08º 26´N and 69º 41´W), el. 110 m, on the Sabaneta road - Ciudad de Nutrias (Fig. 1).  “Hacienda Las Mercedes”, el.180 m, 25 km W of the City of Guanare, at the Guanare - Guanarito road,  Portuguesa.  “Finca Las Lajitas”, el. 240 m, 4- 5 km NW of the town of San Rafael de Orituco, Distrito Monagas, on the San Juan de los Morros road - Altagracia de Orituco, Guárico. 
 

 
Characteristics of the new species
 
Weight and body size of the holotype and paratypes are shown in Table 1.  There was sexual dimorphism in these two body measurements, as has been recorded for other groups of rabbits (Durant and Pérez 1989).  Significant differences (P < 0.005; “t” test) also were  found in the majority of the morphometric data recorded between the new species and the other six groups of rabbits. Data from Tables 2 and 3 show that the species being described is neither S. brasiliensis, because of the larger body measurements, nor S. floridanus due to the significant difference in tail length (P < 0.001; “t” test), unicolor tail, and three pairs of teats instead of four in females.
 
Twenty five of the 35 skull measurements were significantly different between S. varynaensis and the other groups of rabbits (P < 0.005).  The sixteen major length and breadth measurements (GSL to POB) of the new species (Table 4), also were significantly different from those of S. f. valenciae, which was previosly considered as the largest rabbit of the Neotropics.  However, the palatal length of S. f. valenciae (PL = 40.02 ± 4.76 mm) is the only cranial feature significantly larger than that of S. varynaensis (PL = 35.67 ± 5.43 mm).  Similarly, POB of S. b. meridensis had the highest value (10.60 ± 1.03 mm) of all rabbits considered (Table 4).  These differences are shown in Fig. 2 for the greatest skull length (GSL), condylobasal length (CBL), condylobasilar length (cbl), and basilar skull length (BSL).  In this Fig. S. varynaensis is also recognized as a different group of rabbits.
 
 
A data matrix composed of 342 rabbits from six Venezuelan populations, and one species from Brazil (S.b.B), was used for principal components and cluster analysis.  The PCA synthesized the information contained in the 35 skull variables in a two dimensional space.  The first two components accounted for 46.7% of the total variation present in the original variables. The first component explained 39.2 % and the second one 7.5 % of the variances.
 
Twenty one variables (Fig. 3) characterized the first component by their strong correlation. In relation to the second component, a clear opposition between the variables POB, and bulla breadth (Fig. 3) was observed.
 
 
 
Graphic analysis of the seven populations in the plane of the two first components characterized the populations in function of the Euclidian distance between them. The populations from the páramo (S. b. meridensis) and from Barinas (S. varynaensis) are located at the right (S. b. m) and at the left (S.v.) of second component (Fig. 4), separated by the first component, with little overlap between populations.  The centroids are also located in the middle of each group.  On the contrary the rest of the populations, except S. f. valenciae (S. f. v.), are opposite located with no clear delimitation among them (Fig. 4).
Cluster analysis (Fig. 5) showed three main groups of rabbits.  In the first one the new species (S. v.) appears to be more closely related to S. f. valenciae (S. f. v.), than to the other groups.  These groups are in turn associated with two other S. floridanus subspecies (S. f. c. and S. f. o.), and the three subspecies of S. brasiliensis (S. b. B, S. b. V, and S. b. m.).  Thus, principal components and cluster analysis also reinforce the evidence that S. varynaensis is a new species of rabbit.

Coloration of the Holotype
(following Hershkovitz 1950, Diersing and Wilson 1980)
Tip of the nose tawny.   Rostrum tawny-cinnamon, densely mixed with black at the frontal region.  Outer border of nares white.  Cheek and supraorbital region buffy, slightly bordered with black at the postero-ventral side.  Orbital ring cotton-white.  Outer surface of the ear light buffy.  Hairs of the nuchal patch reddish and cylindrical.  Length of the distal section (Table 5, Fig. 6) of these hairs was 10.7 ± 0.98 mm (N=30).  Proximal sections shorter and reddish.
 
Body dorsal surface intensely buffy, bordered with black.  Length of the distal and flattened part of the primary hairs 13.79 ± 0.86 mm, and they consist of 4-color bands (Table 6, Fig. 6).  The black (B) terminal band was the largest (5.35 ± 1.30 mm).  It is followed by a dark-reddish (1.115 ± 0.27 mm), a light-reddish (4.38 ± 0.59 mm), and a second dark-reddish (2.92 ± 1.27 mm) band.
 

 
Proximal sections of dorsal hair cylindrical and dark-gray. In this body region a secondary grooved hair also exists, thinner and less abundant than the principal hair, dark-reddish at the distal section (26.3 0.84 mm), and light-red at the proximal section (5.54 ± 1.05 mm).  Cover hairs cylindrical, distal section dark-red (7.8 ± 0.9 mm), and proximal section light-gray (4.2 ± 0.6 mm).
 
Lateral coloration light buffy.  Distal section of primary hairs grooved, with only dark and light-red bands.  This last section was the longest one recorded (54%) within the hair sampling process.  Distal section of cover hairs light-red (2.4 ± 0.3 mm), and proximal one light-gray (7.4 ± 1.06 mm).
 
Ventral surface whitish.  Primary hairs less abundant.  Terminal band of distal section grooved, almost translucent. Remainder section cotton-white (10.00 ± 1.20 mm).  Secondary hairs were dominant, cylindrical, cotton-white, bent in more than 10 loops.
 
Gular patch reddish-cinnamon, 125.8 ± 0.56 mm in length x 39 ± 0.23 mm, the greatest value within the rabbit groups considered.  Distal section of primary hairs much thinner than those of dorsal and lateral regions.  Two dark-red bands (0.98 ± 0.25, and 3.87 ± 0.50 mm in length, respectively) were separated by a light-red band of 4.89 ± 0.71 mm in length (Table 5, Fig. 6).
 
 
Dorsal surface of the hind legs reddish-cinnamon, mixed with light-cream and white hairs toward the distal region.  Similar coloration was found for the dorsal surface of the forelegs.   Internal side of the thigh reddish-cream.  Dorsal base of the tail reddish-cinnamon.  Distal section of the primary hairs contained dark-red, shorter, less intense and light-red bands longer than the corresponding bands in the primary hairs of the dorsal region of the body.  Proximal section of the hair dark-red, thinner and cylindrical, bent in more than four loops. Length of this section was 11.8 ± 3.20 mm.  Cover hairs of two types:   one light-reddish with red terminal band, and the other whitish, or reddish-cream.  Primary hairs of the terminal part of the tail bent in numerous loops.  Principal hairs and cover hairs of the ventral tail region were similar to those of the dorsal base.  Some primary hairs had a whitish distal section with a reddish-cream terminal band.  Cover hairs dark-gray.

Color patterns of paratypes:   There were no significant differences in color patterns between the holotype and paratypes.  Female dark-reddish bands of dorsal region were longer than those of the holotype.  In males, the reddish-cinnamon color of the nuchal patch and the reddish-buffy color of the tail ventral surface were less intense than the colors on the dorsal surfaces.

Differences between the hair color bands (distal section) of S. varynaensis and the other three groups of Sylvilagus

Hairs of the dorsal surface:   Dark-red bands were dominant in S. brasiliensis (73.2%) and there were no black bands in this species.  S. f. valenciae had the longest black band (48.2).  Black (38.8%) and light-red (31.8%) were dominant bands in the new species.  The other three groups had a light-cream band, as is shown in Fig. 6.

 
 

Hairs of the lateral surface:   About 54% of the distal hair length was occupied by a light-reddish band in S. varynaensis.  This band was reduced (6.4%) in S. brasiliensis, and absent in the other two groups.

Gular hair patch:  No black bands were present in any of the group studied.  There were only two color bands (DR and LR) in S. varynaensis.  The light cream band was the longest (57.6%) in S. brasiliensis and the DR-band was dominant (64.1%) in S. f. valenciae.  The light-red band was the shortest one in S. floridanus from Texas. (Table 5, Fig. 6).

S. f. continentis differs from the other groups in having the shortest (1.25 ± 0.14 mm) terminal black band (dorsal body surface) and the distal hair section of the gular patch entirely golden-reddish.
 
From these data it seems that each group of rabbit has a specific pattern of color bands in the distal hair sections of the body regions considered above.
 
Therefore, body measurements, color and pelage distribution, distribution and color patterns of the hair bands, cluster and principal component analysis of data recorded for cranial measurements, enable us to recognize this rabbit as a new species. Sylvilagus varynaensis is the largest and darkest of the known Venezuelan rabbits, with a broad elongated skull.

 

Acknowledgments
 
This study was in part supported by Consejo de Desarrollo Científico, Humanístico y Tecnológico (CDCHT-ULA) under code N° C-362-88, and by the Grupo de Ecología Animal (GEA-ULA), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. Luis Flammarión de Oliveira, head of the Vertebrate Collection of the Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, allowed the study of more than 100 specimens of S. brasiliensis in Brazil. Francisco Bisbal, Director of the EBRG-Maracay, Venezuela, kindly facilitated the work on skull characteristics of some rabbit subspecies used in this description. Elida J. Arellano, Leida Valero and Daniela Avele (GEA-ULA) recorded most of the skull measurements.  Yalitza Ismar, Svante E. and Alberto J. Durand R. participated in the study of floristic composition at the collecting areas, and in some trapping sessions. Carmen and Ramón Materán, Octavio and Mercedes Guedes, J. Alejandro Sánchez, J. Angel Sánchez, Ramón I. Arias, José Rafael Milla and Urbano Pérez;  owners and workers of the “Haciendas”, “Hatos” and “Fundos” of the collection areas, provided facilities for the field work. Amelia Díaz de Pascual and Janeth Mora and Juan L. Márquez, performed the statistical procedures for discriminate and principal component analysis. Jaime E. Péfaur read an early draft of the manuscript and made valuable observations.  Figures were drawn by Leida Valero.  Typing was done by Elida J. Arellano and Marisela Angelino.  To these Institutions and people, we are grateful.

Resumen
 
Se describe una especie nueva de conejo silvestre de Venezuela procedente del Fundo Millano (08° 46’ N y 69° 56’ W) entre 120 y 180 m de altitud y Chorrosco Bajo (08º 05´N and 69º 18´W), entre 190 y 120 de altitud, en el estado Barinas.  La descripción se basó en:   1.  Medidas corporales y craneales.  2.  Patrones de coloración del pelaje.  3.  Organización y longitud de las bandas de color del pelo de las regiones dorsal, lateral, ventral, nucal y mancha gular.  Las medidas corporales, craneales y algunos de los patrones de coloración de la nueva especie, Sylvilagus varynaensis, fueron comparados con las de los grupos más cercanos, como S. brasiliensis (de Venezuela y de Brasil), S. b. meridensis de los páramos venezolanos y tres de los grupos más representativos de S. floridanus (S. f. continentis, S. f. orinoci, S. f. valenciae).  La mayoría de los valores registrados en estas medidas fueron significativamente más altos (P < 0.005; “t” de Student) en la nueva especie de conejo. El Análisis de Componentes Principales y de Agrupación de los datos registrados para las características craneales indicaron que S. varynaensis es el conejo silvestre de mayor tamaño de Venezuela, de coloración más oscura, de cráneo más alargado y con arreglo diferente de las bandas de color del pelo en varias regiones corporales.
 
Referencias
 
Diersing, V. E. & D. E. Wilson. 1980. Distribution and systematics of the rabbits (Sylvilagus) of west-central Mexico. Smith. Contrib. to Zool. 297:  1 - 34.         [ Links ]

Durant, P. 1981. Ecological study of Sylvilagus brasiliensis meridensis in an Andean Venezuelan paramo. p:  182 - 203. In:  K. Myers & C. D. MacInnes (Eds.). Procs. World Lagom. Conf. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.         [ Links ]

Durant, P. 1982. Relaciones filogenéticas del conejo de páramo Sylvilagus brasiliensis meridensis (Lagomorpha:  Leporidae). p:  681 - 701. En:  Salinas, P. (Ed.). Zoología Neotropical. VIIIo. Congr. Latinoam. Zool. Mérida. Venezuela.         [ Links ]

Durant, P. 1988. Reproduction and productivity in the paramo rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis meridensis (Lagomorpha: Leporidae). Carib. J. Sci. 24:  32 - 38.         [ Links ]

Durant, P. & R. Pérez. 1989. Caracterización del hábitat de Sylvilagus floridanus continentis (Lagomorpha:  Leporidae). Bol. Soc. Venez. Cs. Nats. 43: 175 - 192.         [ Links ]

Durant, P. & R. Pérez. 1995. Population and reproductive ecology of the northwestern Venezuelan cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus continentis Osgood, 1912 (Lagomorpha: Leporidae). Carib. J. Sci. 31: 95 - 103.         [ Links ]

Hershkovitz, P. 1950. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary report No. 6:  Rabbits (Leporidae), with notes on the classification and distribution of the South American forms. Proc. USA. Nat. Mus. 100:  327 - 375.         [ Links ]

Ochoa, J.; D. G. Cordero & F. Yunes. 1987. Proporciones en peso y reproducción del conejo sabanero, Sylvilagus floridanus en el noroeste de Venezuela. Vida Silv. Neotrop. 1: 14 - 26.         [ Links ]

Ojeda, M. & L. B. Keith. 1982. Sex and age composition and breeding biology of cottontail rabbit populations in Venezuela. Biotropica 14:  99 - 107.         [ Links ]

Pilleri, G. & O. Pilleri. 1984. Craneometric considerations on the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) from the Llano of Apure, Venezuela. Mammalia 48: 81 - 84.         [ Links ]

Sokal, R. S. & F. J. Rohlf. 1969.Biometría. Principios y métodos estadísticos en la investigación biológica. H. Blume, Madrid. 832 pp.         [ Links ]

Wilkins, K. T. 1985. Variation in the southeastern pocket gopher, Geomys pinetis (Geomyidae) in Florida. Amer. Midland Nat. 114: 125 - 134.         [ Links ]
 
1Grupo de Ecología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
FAX:  (58)(74) 40 12 86.  E-mail:  pdurant@ciens.ula.ve

2Escuela de Educación, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
 

 
 

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