Introduction:

Turtles are extensively harvested to supply the demand for food, pets, and products. Conservation strategies often involve the release of seized individuals and ex-situ breeding programs. However, several traded species have particular genetic characteristics, and the origins of captive individuals are often unknown. Despite their potential to aid in the recovery of populations, these strategies have faced criticism due to the risk of outbreeding depression and genetic diversity loss.

Objective:

To explore the use of mitochondrial sequencing to estimate the origin of captive individuals from three of Colombia’s most traded turtle species: Chelonoidis carbonarius, Trachemys venusta callirostris, and Rhinoclemmys melanosterna.

Methods:

Firstly, we constructed genetic reference databases using 350 sequences from previous phylogeographic studies and new ones from individuals with known origins. Secondly, through phylogenetic and population genetics analyses we delimited phylogeographic groups. Thirdly, we compared the sequences of 157 turtles of unknown origins, successfully assigning them to their species and the most likely areas of origin.

Results:

We identified genetic structure in wild populations, heterogeneity of origins in captive individuals, and complex trade networks involving harvesting from multiple distant poaching areas and transportation to central regions.

Conclusions:

This study shows the efficacy of mitochondrial molecular markers in determining the possible region of origin for confiscated turtle individuals affected by illegal trade and emphasizes the importance of intra-specific conservation efforts to safeguard Colombian wildlife’s genetic identity and diversity.