<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212023000300002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.2023.52968</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Genetic resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata in elite genotypes of Gmelina arborea]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia genética a Ceratocystis fimbriata en genotipos élite de Gmelina arborea]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dawa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Badilla-Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yorleny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo-Gamboa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Olman]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira Alfenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cartago]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cartago]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cartago]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal de Viçosa Department of Phytopathology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Viçosa Minas Gerais]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212023000300002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. In Costa Rica, an incidence of nearly 40 % has been reported for a disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in commercial plantations of Gmelina arborea (melina), which is the second most widely planted forest tree species in the country. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore genetic material that exhibit resistance to this pathogen. Objective. To evaluate two methods of C. fimbriata inoculation and their effect on elite genotypes of melina, for their use within the melina genetic improvement program at the international forest genetic improvement cooperative GENFORES. Materials and methods. A pathogenicity test was established using the CIF 001 isolate of C. fimbriata under greenhouse conditions, in Santa Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica. Two inoculation methods were evaluated in five elite genotypes from October 2019 to January 2020. The effect of the pathogen was evaluated by measuring total height development, basal diameter, number of leaves, incidence, and internal injury within the plant. The assessment was conducted at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results. Mortality was observed from day 38 and reached an incidence of 26.7 % at 120 days. The treatment using solid medium displayed the highest incidence percentage. Genotypes 15N and 58 exhibited high susceptibility to the CIF 001 isolate, whereas genotypes 1 and 57 exhibited high tolerance. Based on the results, it was determined that the pathogenicity test of C. fimbriata on melina can be evaluated at 90 days. Conclusion. Solid medium was the most effective method for inoculating melina with C. fimbriata (isolate CIF 001). Evaluations showed the need to assess results at least 90 days after inoculation. Based on the analysis of the internal lesion, genotype 1 was identified as highly resistant to the effect of the pathogen. The inclusion of this genotype as an evaluation technique will substantially enhance the protocol for assessing tolerance to the pathogen.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. En Costa Rica se reporta una incidencia de casi un 40 % de la enfermedad causada por Ceratocystis fimbriata en plantaciones comerciales de Gmelina arborea (melina), la segunda especie forestal más plantada en el país. Por lo tanto, surge la necesidad de buscar material genético resistente a este patógeno. Objetivo. Evaluar dos métodos de inoculación de C. fimbriata y su efecto en genotipos élite de melina, para su uso dentro del programa de mejoramiento genético de melina en la cooperativa internacional de mejoramiento genético forestal GENFORES. Materiales y métodos. A partir del aislamiento CIF 001 de C. fimbriata se estableció un ensayo de patogenicidad bajo condiciones de invernadero en Santa Clara de San Carlos, donde se evaluaron dos métodos de inoculación en cinco genotipos élite durante octubre 2019 a enero 2020. Se valoró el efecto del patógeno en el desarrollo de altura total, diámetro basal, cantidad de hojas, incidencia y lesión interna en la planta. El ensayo se evaluó a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 días. Resultados. Se observó mortalidad a partir del día 38 y se alcanzó una incidencia de 26,7 % a los 120 días. El tratamiento con medio sólido presentó el mayor porcentaje de incidencia. Los genotipos 15N y 58 exhibieron una alta susceptibilidad al aisaldo CIF 001, mientras que los genotipos 1 y 57 manifestaron una alta tolerancia. Se determinó que la prueba de patogenicidad de C. fimbriata en melina, puede evaluarse a los 90 días. Conclusión. El tratamiento con medio sólido fue el método de inoculación más eficaz de C. fimbriata (aisaldo CIF 001) en melina. En ninguno de ellos se determinó un grado de resistencia a la enfermedad. El análisis de la lesión interna logró determinar al genotipo 1, como resistente al efecto del patógeno. Su incorporación como técnica de evaluación mejorará significativamente el protocolo de determinación de tolerancia al patógeno.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[forest pathology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical diseases]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic improvement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic resistance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[clonal forestry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patología forestal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedades tropicales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mejoramiento genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[resistencia genética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[silvicultura clonal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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