<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212019000200601</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.v30i2.34432</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Probióticos y su mecanismo de acción en alimentación animal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Probiotics and their mechanism of action in animal feed]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>601</fpage>
<lpage>611</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000200601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000200601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212019000200601&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. En la producción pecuaria con fines comerciales, es frecuente el uso de aditivos para aumentar la efectividad de los nutrientes presentes en el alimento, su disponibilidad y absorción en el tracto gastrointestinal, además, de modular la flora intestinal de los animales y promover su crecimiento y productividad. Los antibióticos han sido de los aditivos más utilizados en las últimas décadas en producción animal en el mundo. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue describir y analizar el uso de probióticos como aditivos en nutrición animal y como una alternativa al uso de antibióticos como promotores de crecimiento en la producción pecuaria comercial. Desarrollo. En esta recopilación se analiza la definición actual de probióticos aceptada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se describen los microorganismos permitidos como probióticos en nutrición animal en Costa Rica y Estados Unidos, y se explican los principales mecanismos de acción de los mismos en animales productivos. Los probióticos son organismos vivos que cuando son administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren un beneficio para la salud del hospedero, este efecto debe estar probado y superar al efecto dado por el placebo. Los microorganismos usados como probióticos en nutrición animal no deben ser patógenos para los animales y deben ser resistentes a los procesos de elaboración de alimentos y piensos. Se ha reportado que el beneficio de los probióticos en animales productivos, se debe principalmente a que estos fomentan el balance microbiano en el tubo digestivo y la modulación del sistema inmune, resultando en un aumento en la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, y disminuyen la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión. El uso de diferentes probióticos en animales productivos para aumentar el rendimiento y la salud animal, ha sido comprobado en diferentes especies productivas y su uso es promisorio como promotor de crecimiento en lugar de antibióticos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. In the livestock production for commercial purposes, additives are frequently used to increase the effectiveness of nutrients present in the food, its availability, and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modulate the intestinal flora of animals and promote their growth and productivity. Antibiotics have been among the most used additives in recent decades animal production worldwide. Objective. The aim of this literature review was to describe the use of probiotics as additives in animal nutrition, as an alternative to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in commercial livestock production. Development. This compilation analyzes the current definition of probiotics accepted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) it also describres the microorganisms allowed as probiotics in animal nutrition in Costa Rica and the United States. Additionally,the main mechanisms of action in productive animals are explained. Probiotics are living organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a benefit to the health of the host, this effect must be proven and overcome the effect given by the placebo. The microorganisms used as probiotics in animal nutrition should not be pathogenic for animals, and should be resistant to the processes of food and feed elaboration. It has been reported that the benefit of probiotics in productive animals is mainly due to the fact that these promote the microbial balance in the digestive tract and the modulation of the immune system, resulting in an increase in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and decreasing the incidence of infectious diseases. Conclusion. The use of different probiotics in productive animals to increase productivity and animal health, has been proven in different commercial livestock species and its use is promising as a growth promoter instead of antibiotics.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microorganismos benéficos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud animal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[piensos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aditivos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[promotores del crecimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[flora microbiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[beneficial microorganisms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[animal health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[foods]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[feed additive]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[growth promoters]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[microbial flora]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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