<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-097X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[MHSalud]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[MHSalud]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-097X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-097X2023000100158</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/mhs.20-1.14</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Absence of Reliable Screening Methods That Prove the Use of Gene Doping in Sports]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ausencia de métodos de tamizaje fiables que demuestren el uso del dopaje genético en el deporte]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Falta de métodos de triagem confiáveis para provar o uso de doping genético no esporte]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad AL-Dafrawi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ahmad Saad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Islamic University Malaysia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Iraq</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>158</fpage>
<lpage>160</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-097X2023000100158&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-097X2023000100158&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-097X2023000100158&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Sport raises the level of human physical activity within the limits of genetic traits. The results of gene therapy have attracted some to think of using its technologies to create an &#8220;indomitable athlete.&#8221; World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) applies uncertain genetic testing procedures to establish cases of this type of doping. Yet, if the results of these procedures are doubtful, then doubt must be interpreted in favor of the athlete concerned.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: El deporte eleva el nivel de actividad física humana dentro de los límites de los rasgos genéticos. Los resultados de la terapia génica han atraído a algunos a pensar en utilizar sus tecnologías para crear un 'atleta indomable'. La Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) aplica procedimientos de pruebas genéticas inciertos para establecer casos de este tipo de dopaje. Sin embargo, si los resultados de estos procedimientos son dudosos, entonces la duda debe interpretarse a favor del atleta en cuestión.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: O esporte eleva o nível da atividade física humana dentro dos limites dos traços genéticos. Os resultados da terapia genética têm atraído alguns a pensar em usar suas tecnologias para criar um "atleta indomável". A Agência Mundial Antidoping (WADA) aplica procedimentos incertos de testes genéticos para estabelecer casos deste tipo de dopagem. Entretanto, se os resultados desses procedimentos forem incertos, então a incerteza deve ser interpretada em favor do atleta em questão.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[athletes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[physical performance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gene doping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gene doping detection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genetic markers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[World Anti-Doping Agency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[the benefit of the doubt]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[atletas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desempeño físico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dopaje genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[detección de dopaje genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[marcadores genéticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agencia Mundial Antidopaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[beneficio de la duda.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[atletas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desempenho físico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[doping genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[detecção de doping genético]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[marcadores genéticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Agência Mundial Anti-Doping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[benefício da dúvida]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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