<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822017000200048</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v30i2.3196</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Indicador PER para fuego forestal y red de sensores para detección temprana de incendios forestales en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[PSR indicator for forest fire and network sensors for early detection of forest fires in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Hostaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Néstor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>48</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822017000200048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822017000200048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822017000200048&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen [24] Si la OCDE otorga a Costa Rica la oportunidad de ingresar, la utilización de tecnologías modernas para apagar y controlar los incendios forestales, contribuirán a fortalecer la percepción que se tiene del país y facilitarán sin duda el ingreso. [25] Se considera incendio forestal el fuego sin control en una zona boscosa En Costa Rica, entre los años 1998 y 2006, los incendios forestales han afectado 35428ha y en el año 2007 al menos 2468ha, según información del CONIFOR (MINAET) [1]. Como efecto inmediato, esta situación contribuye a la desaparición del bosque. Esta realidad, además de otras actividades, como la tala y la caza, demandan contribuir al control de estas agresiones al bosque. Las tecnologías electrónicas actuales, aplicadas a la protección ambiental, ofrecen una solución posible, particularmente la utilización de redes inalámbricas de sensores (RdSI) para la Detección Temprana de Incendios Forestales (DTIF), y aunque no se han explotado al máximo en Costa Rica, actualmente se investiga el diseño de redes de este tipo para utilizarlas en la protección del bosque. [26] La preparación anticipada, o la reacción que un país o región tenga para enfrentar los diferentes problemas o desastres ambientales que afectan el desarrollo sostenible, se pueden manifestar por medio de indicadores PER (presión estado respuesta) de la OCDE, (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico), y en el caso de los incendios forestales se emplea el indicador IPIF (Índice de presión de incendio forestal) que relaciona el área forestal quemada con el área forestal no afectada, o sea, el efecto de estos incendios se refleja en los indicadores ambientales respectivos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract [30] If the OECD gives Costa Rica a chance to enter, the use of modern technology to turn off and control forest fires contributes to strengthening the perception people have of the country and undoubtedly facilitates the income [31] A forest fire is a fire that expands without any control in a forest region. In Costa Rica, between 1998 and 2006 the forest fires have affected 35428 ha, and in 2007 at least 2468 ha, according to information from CONIFOR (MINAET) [1]. As an immediate effect, this situation contributes to the disappearance of the forest. This reality, in addition to other activities, such as logging and hunting, demand collaboration for the control of these attacks to the forest. Current electronic technologies, applied to environmental protection, offer possible solutions, particularly the use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for Early Detection of Forest Fires (EDFF). Even though these have not been fully exploited in Costa Rica, there are currently research and development activities aiming at the use of such networks in forest protection. [32] The advance preparation, or the reaction that a country or region has for facing various problems or environmental disasters affecting sustainable development, can be manifested through indicators PSR (Pressure-State-Response) OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), and in the case of wildfire the FFPI indicator (Forest Fire Pressure Index) that relates the forest area burned with the forest area that has not been affected. That means the effect of these fires is reflected in the respective environmental indicators.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Indicador ambiental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[PER]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[incendio forestal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[red]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sensores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Environmental indicator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[PSR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wildfire]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[network sensors]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>[1]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CONIFOR</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estrategia Nacional de manejo del fuego 2006-2010]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Energía y Telecomunicaciones (MINAET), Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Ambiente]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>[2]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Questionnaire: selection criteria of protected forest areas (PFA) in Europe]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>[3]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Banco Público de Indicadores Ambientales del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>[4]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Informe CEPAL Cap. III. Iniciativas de países latinoamericanos]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>40-3</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>[5]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[AEET: Asociación de Española Ecología Terrestre. La sustentabilidad forestal de Asturias (1975-2000) . Propuesta metodológica, análisis e indicadores ambientales]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Ecosistemas]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>[6]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Punto Focal de Residuos de Cantabria: Sistemas de Indicadores]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>[7]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Indicadores de presión]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>[8]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohamed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hefeda]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Forest Fire Modeling and Early Detection using Wireless Sensor Networks]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[ACM Journal Name]]></source>
<year></year>
<volume>V</volume>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Canada ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Simon Fraser University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>[9]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ollero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez de Dios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrúe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Integrated Systems for Early Forest Fire Detection]]></source>
<year></year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ 14thConference on Fire and Forest Meteorology]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>20 November 1998</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>[10]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[YU]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LIyang]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Neng]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xiaoquiao]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Real Time Forest Fire Detection with Wireless Sensor Networks]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IEEE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>[11]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Son]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Byungrask]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Her]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yong-sork]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jung -Gyu]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Design and Implementation of Forest Fires Surveillance System based on Wireless Networks for South Korea Mountains]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Securi]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>9B</numero>
<issue>9B</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>[12]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BegoñaC.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aníbal]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MartínezdeDios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramiro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An intelligent system for false alarm reduction in infrared forest fire detectiom]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Spain ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Sevilla]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>[13]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casanova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Forest Fire detection and monitoring By means of an integrated MODISMSG SYSTEM]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Spain ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Remote Sensing Laboratory of University of Valladolid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>[14]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez de Dios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arrue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ollero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Distributed Intelligent automatic forest fire detection system]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dpto de Ingenieríade Sistemas y Automática]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>[15]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Automatic Forest Surveillance based on infrared sensors]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>2007</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>[16]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bosch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ignacio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vergara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moragues]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Infrared image processing and its application to Forest fire surveillance]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IEEE]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>[17]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández Hostaller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Néstor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diseño de una red inalámbrica de telecomunicaciones para la protección ambiental en el bosque]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Extensión]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>[18]</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalobos Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diseño de un controlador embebido para cámara USB para la detección de incendios forestales del proyecto ¨Diseño de una red inalámbrica de telecomunicaciones para la protección ambiental en el bosque]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Extensión]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
