<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300017</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64689</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efecto del terremoto de Limón (1991) en la biodiversidad de macroalgas marinas según registros del Herbario USJ para el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effect of the Limón earthquake (1991) on the biodiversity of marine macroalgae according to records from the USJ Herbarium for the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amador-Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mena-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leandro-Arroyo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cindy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3 "/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Af4"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Herbario ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El 22 de abril de 1991, comunidades en Limón fueron devastadas por el tercer terremoto más fuerte registrado en la historia de Costa Rica. Además de las pérdidas humanas y económicas, el terremoto tuvo otro efecto sorprendente: el levantamiento de la línea de costa. El impacto ecológico de este evento se considera como una de las consecuencias más notables del terremoto de Limón, sin embargo, no se conocen con certeza las repercusiones de este evento sobre comunidades de organismos acuáticos como las macroalgas marinas.  Objetivo:  Determinar si existió un efecto del terremoto de Limón del año 1991 en la composición de las comunidades algales de la región que abarca desde Limón a Manzanillo.  Métodos:  Se analizaron datos de especímenes de algas recolectados entre 1962 y 2021 en tres localidades (Limón, Cahuita, Manzanillo) utilizando registros de la base de datos del herbario USJ. Se utilizaron intervalos de 5 años para evaluar cambios antes y después del terremoto. Las diferencias geo-temporales fueron evaluadas utilizando el índice de Bray-Curtis basado en datos transformados. La matriz fue analizada implementando un nMDS y un PERMANOVA. La prueba SIMPER fue aplicada para determinar la familia con mayor variación seguida del comando ANOSIM.  Resultados:  En total se analizaron datos de 1 086 especímenes. Entre los sitios, Punta Cahuita tuvo la mayor diversidad y Punta Uva la menor. El nMDS sugiere que hubo una diferencia en la composición de las comunidades algales en las localidades posterior al terremoto. La familia Gracilariaceae tuvo la mayor variación entre sitios.  Conclusiones:  A pesar de los resultados encontrados, no es posible atribuir estos cambios en la composición de las comunidades algales únicamente al evento descrito anteriormente, pues existen otros factores ecológicos o antropogénicos que pueden causar una alteración por sí solos o actuar de forma conjunta para generar las dinámicas observadas dentro de las comunidades.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  On April 22, 1991, the third strongest recorded earthquake in the history of Costa Rica wreaked havoc on communities in the Limón province. Along with a great cost to human life and the economy of the region, the earthquake had another interesting effect: the uplift of the coastline. The ecological consequences of this event are considered some of the most impactful of the Limón earthquake, however, little is known about the true changes that occurred within communities of aquatic organisms, including marine macroalgae in the aftermath of this event.  Objective:  To determine if there was an effect of the 1991 Limón earthquake on the composition of algal communities in the region extending from Limón to Manzanillo.  Methods:  Data of algal specimens collected in three Caribbean localities (Limón, Cahuita, Manzanillo) between 1962-2021 was analyzed from the USJ Herbarium database. Intervals of five years were used to evaluate disturbances before and after the 1991 earthquake. Geographic-temporal differences were assessed using Bray-Curtis index based on the transformed data. The matrix was analyzed implementing a nMDS and a PERMANOVA. A SIMPER test was applied to determine the families with most variation followed by an ANOSIM to describe it.  Results:  A total of 1086 algal specimens were analyzed. Among the sites, Punta Cahuita had the highest diversity and Punta Uva the lowest. The nMDS indicates that there is a difference in the composition of the algal communities in the locations consulted in the five year interval after the phenomenon compared to the other temporal periods. The Gracilariaceae family presented the most variation between sites.  Conclusions:  The changes found in the composition of the algal community in the Caribbean region cannot be attributed only to the natural phenomenon described previously. There are several other environmental or anthropogenic components that should be considered, as they might influence the dynamics seen within the community, causing changes individually or in interaction with other factors.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phycology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[disturbance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regeneration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coastline uplift]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biological collections.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ficología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perturbación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regeneración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[levantamiento tectónico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[colecciones biológicas.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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