<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300012</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64854</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Climate seasonality and plant vigor effects on reproductive phenology of Potalia turbinata (Gentianaceae) in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectos de la estacionalidad climática y el vigor de las plantas sobre la fenología reproductiva de Potalia turbinata (Gentianaceae) en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rachel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Linares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Otárola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernal]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología y Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología y Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología y Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Potalia turbinata (Gentianaceae) is a treelet distributed from Nicaragua to Panama. Information on its reproductive biology and phenology is lacking.  Objective:  To describe the reproductive phenology of P. turbinata, morphologically characterize its fruits and seeds, and determine whether flower and fruit production correlates with climate (temperature and precipitation) and plant vigor.  Methods:  The research took place at Tirimbina Biological Reserve in Costa Rica, January 2017-March 2019. Monthly counts of flowers and fruits were conducted on 86 plants. We used circular statistics to determine the duration and peak of flowering and fruiting. Fruit production was compared between years to describe reproductive cycles. We correlated flower and fruit abundance with climatic conditions. Plant measurements included height, basal stem diameter, leaf crop, seeds per fruit, fruit and seed dimensions, and fruit hardness. We used height, diameter, and number of leaves as proxies for plant vigor and compared plant vigor between fruiting (i.e., number of fruits) and non-fruiting plants.  Results:  Flowering lasted 2-6 months per plant, peaking in April, while fruiting was prolonged (3-10 months), moderately peaking in August. Flower abundance was negatively correlated with precipitation, but fruiting showed no significant correlation with climate. Fruit production negatively correlated with plant height and positively correlated with basal stem diameter. Non-fruiting plants had more leaves than fruiting plants.  Conclusions:  At the population level, P. turbinata flowered and fruited annually. Individuals were supra-annual, an uncommon reproductive pattern for tropical species. The correlation between flowering and lower precipitation supports possible insect pollination, though direct pollinator observations remain needed. The results concur with other studies indicating a correlation between fruit number and plant size. This investigation provides information on the reproductive phenology and fruit traits of P. turbinata, laying a foundation for future research into its interactions with pollinators and dispersers.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Potalia turbinata (Gentianaceae) es un arbusto distribuido desde Nicaragua hasta Panamá. La información sobre la biología de esta especie es escasa y se desconoce su fenología reproductiva.  Objetivo:  Describir en detalle la fenología reproductiva de P. turbinata, caracterizar morfológicamente sus frutos y semillas, y determinar si la producción de frutos y flores se correlaciona con el clima (temperatura y precipitación) y el vigor de la planta.  Métodos:  La investigación se llevó a cabo en la Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Sarapiquí, Costa Rica, desde enero 2017 hasta marzo 2019. Se realizaron conteos mensuales de flores y frutos en 86 plantas. Se utilizaron estadísticas circulares para determinar la duración y el pico de las fenofases de flores y frutos. La producción de frutos se comparó entre años para describir los ciclos reproductivos. Se probó la correlación entre la cantidad de flores y frutos y la estacionalidad climática. Las mediciones de las plantas incluyeron altura, diámetro basal del tallo, número de hojas, semillas promedio por fruto, dimensiones de frutos y semillas, y dureza de los frutos. El vigor de la planta (altura, diámetro basal, número de hojas fueron variables usadas como una aproximación de vigor) se evaluó en relación con el tamaño de la cosecha de frutos.  Resultados:  La floración duró entre 2 y 6 meses por planta, con un pico en abril, mientras que la fructificación fue prolongada (3-10 meses), con un pico moderado en agosto. La abundancia de flores se correlacionó negativamente con la precipitación, pero la fructificación no mostró una correlación significativa con el clima. La producción de frutos se correlacionó negativamente con la altura de la planta y positivamente con el diámetro basal del tallo. Las plantas sin frutos tenían más hojas que las plantas con frutos.  Conclusiones:  A nivel de población P. turbinata tiene un ciclo reproductivo anual pero los individuos tienen una reproducción irregular supra-anual, un ciclo reproductivo poco común en especies tropicales. La correlación entre la floración y menor precipitación respalda la posibilidad de polinización por insectos, aunque aún se requieren observaciones directas de polinizadores. Los resultados coinciden con otros estudios que indican una correlación entre el número de frutos y el tamaño de la planta. Esta investigación aporta información sobre la fenología reproductiva y las características de los frutos de P. turbinata, sentando las bases para futuras investigaciones sobre sus interacciones con polinizadores y dispersores.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flower and fruit production]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Gentianaceae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[treelet phenology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fruit morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Tirimbina Biological Reserve.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producción de flores y frutos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gentianaceae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenología de arbustos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosque tropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología de frutos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reserva Biológica Tirimbina.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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