<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300011</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64541</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Flowering time and pollinator abundance determine the female reproductive success in the dioecious palm Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Arecaceae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La época de floración y la abundancia de polinizadores determinan el éxito reproductivo femenino en la palmera dioica Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Arecaceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cascante-Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis-D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fuchs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eric-J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Female fecundity in dioecious plants is influenced by ecological factors that affect pollen and pollinator availability. A high flowering synchrony between sexes, an abundance of pollen donors and pollinators are expected to increase female reproductive success.  Objective:  To understand how fruit production is related to flowering phenology, sex ratio, abundance and proximity of reproductive males to focal pistillate plants, and pollinator abundance in the dioecious understory palm Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Arecaceae).  Methods:  We followed the population flowering of the study species in a montane forest in Costa Rica during 2012. We correlated the number of fruits and fruit set from 115 inflorescences (74 plants) with the size of male and female neighborhoods surrounding focal plants, as well as with plant size and floral display (number of flowers per inflorescence). We estimated pollinator abundance by sampling thrips (Thysanoptera) from staminate inflorescences throughout the plant reproductive season.  Results:  Flowering was seasonal, with a high degree of overlap between the sexes. The sex ratio of reproductive plants did not significantly deviate from one (79 females and 88 males). Female reproductive success was not related to the abundance or proximity of pollen donors but was instead associated with plants possessing shorter stems, more leaves and flowers per inflorescence, and fewer female neighbors. Late-flowering inflorescences significantly produced more fruits and had a higher fruit set, which coincided with an increase in thrips abundance.  Conclusions:  We hypothesized that a higher floral display acts as a signal effect to attract pollinators, while larger inflorescences with more flowers can attract more insects, resulting in greater pollination success. Moreover, late-flowering inflorescences seem to benefit from the increase in pollinator abundance at the end of the flowering season. Pollination of C. pinnatifrons and other Chamaedorea species is highly dependent on thrips; as a result, the reproductive success of these palms is susceptible to fluctuations in pollinator population sizes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La fecundidad femenina en plantas dioicas está influenciada por factores ecológicos que afectan la disponibilidad de polen y polinizadores. Se espera que la alta sincronía de floración entre sexos, la abundancia de donadores de polen y polinizadores aumente el éxito reproductivo femenino.  Objetivo:  Entender cómo la producción de frutos se relaciona con la fenología de floración, la proporción sexual, la abundancia y proximidad de machos reproductivos a plantas pistiladas focales y la abundancia de polinizadores en la palma dioica del sotobosque Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Arecaceae).  Métodos:  Documentamos la floración poblacional de la especie de estudio en un bosque montano en Costa Rica durante el 2012. Correlacionamos la cantidad y proporción de frutos desarrollados en 115 inflorescencias (74 plantas) con el tamaño de los vecindarios de machos y hembras alrededor de las plantas focales, así como con el tamaño de la planta y el despliegue floral (número de flores por inflorescencia). Estimamos la abundancia de insectos polinizadores mediante muestreos de trips (Thysanoptera) de inflorescencias estaminadas a lo largo de la temporada de floración.  Resultados:  La floración fue estacional, con un alto grado de traslape entre los sexos. La proporción de sexos de las plantas reproductivas no se desvió significativamente de uno (79 hembras y 88 machos). El éxito reproductivo femenino no estuvo relacionado con la abundancia y proximidad de donadores de polen, sino que se asoció a plantas que poseían tallos más cortos, más hojas y flores por inflorescencia y menos hembras vecinas. Las inflorescencias de floración tardía produjeron significativamente más frutos y tuvieron una mayor proporción de frutos, lo que coincidió con un aumento en la abundancia de trips.  Conclusiones:  Planteamos la hipótesis de que un mayor despliegue floral actúa como un efecto señal para atraer polinizadores, es decir, inflorescencias más grandes con más flores pueden atraer más insectos, lo que resulta en un mayor éxito de polinización. Además, las inflorescencias de floración tardía parecen beneficiarse del aumento en la abundancia de polinizadores al final de la temporada de floración. La polinización de C. pinnatifrons y otras especies de Chamaedorea depende en gran medida de los trips; como resultado, el éxito reproductivo de estas palmas es susceptible a fluctuaciones en el tamaño de la población de polinizadores.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[flowering phenology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pollen limitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fruit set]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neighborhood effect]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pollinator limitation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[thrips pollination.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fenología de la floración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[limitación del polen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cuajado del fruto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[efecto de vecindad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[limitación de polinizadores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polinización por trips.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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