<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000300010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is2.64548</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Differences in foraging strategies and morphology of five warbler species (Parulidae) in a tropical mangrove forest]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Diferencias en las estrategias de alimentación y morfología de cinco especies de reinitas (Parulidae) en un bosque de manglares tropicales]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrantes*]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Quirós]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana-Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana y Comunicación Animal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Understanding the factors underlying the interactions among closely related species continue to be an important issue in ecology and evolution. Warblers have been the group model for studying niche partitioning through interspecific competition, without considering other possible factors. A more recent approach includes species-specific morphologies as an important factor that correlates with habitat (or niche) partitioning.  Objective:  to compare the foraging strategies of five warbler species (Setophaga p. erithachorides, S. petechia, Protonotaria citrea, Parkesia noveboracensis, and Leiothlypis peregrina) in a mangrove forest, and to compare the foraging strategies of S. p. erithachorides, the only resident warbler, between periods (presence vs. absence of migrants).  Methods:  We collected information on substrates and maneuvers used during foraging for the five warbler species during 39 sampling sessions. Each session consisted of recording information for 9 successive days every two weeks.  Results: P. noveboracensis differed extensively from the other species in the foraging substrates and maneuvers. The other species formed a more compact group, but some differences in both, substrates and maneuvers, were detected between S. p. erithachorides and L. peregrina. Differences in forging strategies correlate with differences in the morphology among the five warbles species. The foraging strategy of S. p. erithachorides differed between periods. This warbler used the substrates similarly in both periods, but used other maneuvers or change their frequency when migrants are present.  Conclusion:  differences in the foraging strategy of five warblers can be attributed to a process of morphological and behavioral adaptation to an adaptive scape that includes differences in microhabitat, and biotic interactions (e.g., predation, prey availability) rather than exclusively to interspecific competition.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La comprensión de los factores que subyacen a las interacciones entre especies estrechamente relacionadas sigue siendo un tema importante en ecología y evolución. Las aves de la familia Parulidae han sido el grupo modelo para estudiar la partición de nichos por medio de competencia interespecífica, sin considerar otros posibles factores. Un enfoque más reciente incluye las morfologías específicas de las especies como un factor importante que se correlaciona con la partición del hábitat (o nicho).  Objetivo:  comparar las estrategias de alimentación de cinco especies de reinitas (Setophaga p. erithachorides, S. petechia, Protonotaria citrea, Parkesia noveboracensis y Leiothlypis peregrina) en un bosque de manglares, y comparar las estrategias de alimentación de S. p. erithachorides, la única reinita residente, entre períodos (presencia vs. ausencia de migrantes).  Métodos:  Recopilamos información sobre sustratos y maniobras utilizadas durante la alimentación de las cinco especies de reinitas durante 39 sesiones de muestreo. Cada sesión consistió en registrar información durante 9 días sucesivos cada dos semanas.  Resultados: P. noveboracensis difirió ampliamente de las otras especies en los sustratos y maniobras de alimentación. Las otras especies formaron un grupo más compacto, pero se detectaron algunas diferencias tanto en los sustratos como en las maniobras entre S. p. erithachorides y L. peregrina. Las diferencias en las estrategias de alimentación se correlacionan con las diferencias en la morfología entre las cinco especies de reinitas. La estrategia de alimentación de S. p. erithachorides difirió entre períodos. Esta reinita utilizó los sustratos de manera similar en ambos períodos, pero utilizó otras maniobras o cambió su frecuencia cuando hay migrantes presentes.  Conclusión:  las diferencias en la estrategia de alimentación de las cinco reinitas se pueden atribuir a un proceso de adaptación morfológica y conductual a un entorno adaptativo que incluye diferencias en el microhábitat y las interacciones bióticas (por ejemplo, depredación, disponibilidad de presas) en lugar de exclusivamente a la competencia interespecífica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[substrate use]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[capture maneuvers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[warbler morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mangrove warbler]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wintering warblers.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[uso de substrato]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[maniobras de captura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología de reinitas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reinita de manglar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reinitas invernantes.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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