<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000200004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is1.63637</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Interplay between light and temperature on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorellaceae) cultures under laboratory conditions]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Interacción entre la luz y la temperatura en el crecimiento de cultivos de Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorellaceae) en condiciones de laboratorio]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva-Benavides]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana-Margarita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torzillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giuseppe]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Bioeconomia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Firenze]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The relationship between light and temperature on the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorophyceae) cultures was investigated under laboratory conditions.  Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature and light intensities on growth, productivity, chlorophyll of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 in laboratory conditions.  Methods:  The cultures were exposed to a combination of two light irradiances (100 and 200 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1) and 5 different temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C).  Results:  At 100 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1, the culture growth did not differ significantly within 20 °C and 35 °C range. At this irradiance, the maximum attained biomass dry weight was 3.9 g/l after 9 days of cultivation under continuous light. Cultures grown under 200 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1,showed much larger differences in their growth. Their final dry weight changed according to the following temperatures, 30 °C (6.19 g/l), 25 °C (5.24 g/l), 35 °C (4.33 g/l), 40 °C (2.50 g/l) 45 °C. Therefore, the optimal temperature for productivity of cultures of Chlorella sorokiniana, strongly changed according to the light intensities at which cultures were exposed. At 100 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1, a large plateau for optimal growth was observed between 20 °C and 35 °C, while at 200 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1 a clear optimal temperature for productivity was observed at 30 °C.  Conclusions:  It was interesting to note that culture grown at 20 °C, performed well under 100 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1, while when exposed to 200 &#956;mol photons m&#8722;2 s&#8722;1 they were unable to grow. No growth was achieved at 45 °C. Therefore, 40 °C represented the upper limit to appreciate the growth in Chlorella sorokiniana strain UTEX 1230, while the temperature lower limit changed with light irradiance.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Se investigó la relación entre la luz y la temperatura sobre la productividad de cultivos de la microalga Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorophyceae).  Objetivo:  evaluar la influencia de diferentes temperaturas e intensidades de luz sobre el crecimiento, la productividad y la clorofila a+b de Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230 en condiciones de laboratorio.  Métodos:  Los cultivos se expusieron a una combinación de dos irradiaciones de luz (100 y 200 µmol fotones m-2 s-1) y cinco temperaturas (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C ).  Resultados:  A 100 µmol fotones m-2 s-1, el crecimiento del cultivo no presentó diferencias significativas entre las temperaturas de 20 °C y 35 °C. Con esta irradiación, el peso seco máximo de la biomasa alcanzó 3.9 g/l después de 9 días de cultivo con luz continua. Los cultivos expuestos a una irradiación de 200 µmol fotones m-2 s-1 mostraron mayores diferencias en su crecimiento. El peso seco final cambió según las siguientes temperaturas, 30 °C (6.19 g/l), 25 °C (5.24 g/l), 35 °C (4.33 g/l), 40 °C (2.50 g/l), 45°C (0.00 g/l). Por consiguiente, la temperatura óptima para la productividad de los cultivos de Chlorella sorokiniana cambió de acuerdo con las intensidades de luz que fueron expuestos los cultivos. A 100 µmol fotones m-2 s-1 se presentó un crecimiento óptimo entre 20 °C y 35 °C, mientras que a 200 µmol fotones m-2 s-1 se observó una temperatura óptima para la productividad a 30 °C.  Conclusiones:  Los resultados demuestran que los cultivos a 20 °C y 100 µmol fotones m-2 s-1 mostraron un óptimo crecimiento; sin embargo, este fue menor cuando se expuso a 200 µmol fotones m-2 s-1. No se observó crecimiento de los cultivos a 45 °C. Por consiguiente, la temperatura a 40°C representó el límite superior para obtener una buena productividad en Chlorella sorokiniana cepa UTEX 1230, mientras que el límite inferior de temperatura cambió con la irradiación de la luz.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chlorella sorokiniana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[growth productivity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[light intensity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[temperature.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Chlorella sorokiniana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[productividad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[intensidad lumínica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[temperatura.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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