<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000100037</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.61916</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Human disturbance promotes an increasing abundance of shrubby plants in the páramo landscape of Southern Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las perturbaciones humanas promueven el incremento en la abundancia de plantas arbustivas en el paisaje de páramo del sur de Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Astudillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro-X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Porras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnuevo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Azuay Escuela de Biología Laboratorio de Ecología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Cuenca]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100037&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The páramo grassland ecosystem is an important center of plant diversity and endemism. However, human activities, such as burning and livestock grazing, are altering the plant composition of the páramos. These changes may be associated with an increase in the abundance of shrubby species and a corresponding decrease in native grass cover.  Objective:  To evaluate the effects of human disturbance on the composition of woody plant species in páramo habitats.  Methods:  We conducted 36 transects across the páramo landscape of the Macizo del Cajas Biosphere Reserve in Southern Ecuador between April 2017 and November 2019, recording woody plant species (e.g., bushes and shrubs) along each transect. To explore variations in woody plant composition, we employed non-metric multidimensional scaling, using the proportion of disturbed area, páramo grassland, and elevation as predictor variables.  Results:  We recorded a total of 13 377 woody plants. The proportion of disturbed areas has an influence on the composition of the woody plant species. Shrubby species such as Diplostephium ericoides, Hypericum quitense, Valeriana microphylla, and Valeriana hirtella are more prevalent in transects with a greater proportion of disturbed areas.  Conclusion:  There was a greater presence of fast-growing woody plant species in response to human-induced disturbance. This suggests that native herbaceous species are gradually being replaced by woody encroachment, particularly in human-accessible páramos. Conservation and restoration efforts should take this phenomenon into account to prevent the accelerated spread of woody encroachment and enhance the availability of páramo grassland habitats.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El ecosistema de páramo herbáceo es un importante centro de diversidad y endemismo de plantas. Sin embargo, las actividades humanas como el pastoreo y las quemas están alterando la composición de plantas de los páramos. Estos cambios pueden estar asociados a un incremento en la abundancia de especies arbustivas y una menor cobertura de pastizales nativos.  Objetivo:  Evaluar los efectos de la alteración humana sobre la composición de plantas leñosas en hábitats de páramo.  Métodos:  Entre abril de 2017 y noviembre de 2019, recorrimos 36 transectos a través del paisaje de páramo de la Reserva de la Biósfera del Macizo del Cajas en el sur de Ecuador, registrando las especies de plantas leñosas (e.g., arbustos y matorrales) a lo largo de cada transecto. Para explorar las diferencias en la composición de las plantas leñosas, usamos un escalamiento multidimensional no métrico, con la proporción en la cobertura de área alterada, páramo herbáceo y elevación como variables predictoras.  Resultados:  En total, registramos 13 337 plantas leñosas. La proporción de área alterada influye en la composición de las especies de plantas leñosas. Las especies arbustivas como Diplostephium ericoides, Hypericum quitense, Valeriana microphylla y Valeriana hirtella tiene mayor presencia en transectos con un incremento en la proporción de las áreas alteradas.  Conclusiones:  Hay una mayor presencia de especies de plantas leñosas de crecimiento rápido en respuesta al efecto de la alteración inducida por los humanos. Esta observación sugiere que las especies herbáceas nativas están siendo gradualmente reemplazadas por un engrosamiento con plantas leñosas, particularmente en páramos con acceso humano. Los esfuerzos de conservación y restauración deberían tener en cuenta este fenómeno para evitar una aceleración de la invasión de plantas leñosas y, asegurar la disponibilidad de hábitats de páramo herbáceo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[high Andes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[woody plant encroachment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant community composition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[grasslands]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biosphere reserve.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[altos Andes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[engrosamiento de plantas leñosas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[composición de la comunidad de plantas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pastizales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reserva de la biósfera.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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