<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000100004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.59855</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Osteología comparada del esqueleto caudal y columna vertebral de los peces de agua dulce del género Tlaloc (Cyprinodontiformes: Profundulidae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Comparative osteology of the caudal skeleton and vertebral column of the freshwater fish of the genera Tlaloc (Cyprinodontiformes: Profundulidae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Cisneros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sara-E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maza-Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maritza-F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velázquez-Velázquez*]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ernesto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas Museo de Zoología Colección Peces]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Chiapas]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La familia Profundulidae es un linaje de peces de agua dulce, con una distribución geográfica muy limitada que se extiende desde el sur de México hasta Centroamérica, integrada por dos géneros Profundulus y Tlaloc; este último, tiene solamente cuatro especies; sin embargo, los estudios basados en el análisis de caracteres osteológicos son escasos para esta familia de peces.  Objetivo:  Se describe la anatomía del complejo caudal y elementos de la columna vertebral en todas las especies que integran el género Tlaloc.  Métodos:  Se realizó un análisis comparativo en 44 especímenes diafanizados y teñidos, para identificar diferencias y similitudes en los elementos de la columna vertebral y del complejo caudal entre las especies del género.  Resultados:  La estructura general del complejo caudal en las especies Tlaloc reveló un patrón similar en las especies del género; sin embargo, se identificaron algunos caracteres útiles para la discriminación de las especies; la placa hipural de forma típicamente triangular es un carácter que solamente se presentó en T. labialis, mientras que en el resto de las especies (T. candalarius, T. portillorum y T. hildebrandi) la placa hipural es en forma de abanico; el número total de vértebras, incluyendo el centro vertebral, en las cuatro especies de Tlaloc varió de 33 a 38, de las cuales 15-17 fueron vértebras abdominales y 17-21 vértebras caudales. T. portillorum presentó el menor número de vértebras totales (33); mientras que T. labialis presentó el mayor (37-38).  Conclusiones:  La relación de estos elementos esqueléticos sugiere que el conteo de vértebras y radios de la aleta caudal es un carácter de naturaleza fundamental para los peces profundúlidos, lo que le otorga una importancia taxonómica particular en ese grupo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The family Profundulidae is a lineage of freshwater fish, with a limited geographical distribution extending from southern Mexico to Central America, composed of two genera Profundulus and Tlaloc; the latter comprised only four species; however, studies based on the analysis of osteological characters are scarce for this family of fish.  Objective:  To describe the anatomy of the caudal bones and backbone of all species of the genera Tlaloc.  Methods:  A comparative analysis was performed on 44 cleared and stained specimens to identify the differences and similarities of backbone elements and the organization of the caudal skeleton among the species.  Results:  The comparison of the caudal skeleton in the species of the genus Tlaloc, revealed a very similar pattern in the morphology of the species; however, some characteristics were detected that may be useful for discrimination of species of the genus; the triangular shaped hipural plate is a characteristic that has only appeared in T. labialis, while in the rest of the species (T. candalarius, T. portillorum and T. hildebrandi), the hypural plate is fan-shaped. The total number of vertebrae, including the vertebral centrum, in the four species of the genus Tlaloc ranged from 33 to 38, of which 15-17 were abdominal vertebrae and 17-21 caudal vertebrae; T. portillorum had the lowest number of total vertebrae (33); while T. labialis had the highest number of total vertebrae (37-38).  Conclusions:  The consistent relationship to these skeletal elements suggests that the vertebrae and caudal fin ray count is a character of fundamental nature for the profundulid fishes, giving it particular taxonomic significance in that group.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[caudal skeleton]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[endemic fish]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Profundulidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vertebrae.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[complejo caudal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[peces endémicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Profundulidae, vértebras.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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