José A. Vargas1,2 & Harlan K. Dean3
1. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060. Costa Rica; javargas@biologia.ucr.ac.cr
2. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060. Costa Rica.
3. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA. 02138. U.S.A.
Dirección para correspondencia
Abstract
The cephalochordates are represented by the lancelets, of which species of the genus Branchiostoma are the best known. In recent years, these organisms have been the center of activity of studies focusing on the phylogenetic relationships of the chordates. In 1980, a survey of the benthos at 48 stations in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa Rica, yielded 265 specimens of the lancelet Branchiostoma californiense. A total of 48 specimens was also collected at an intertidal flat in the mid upper estuary. Of the 48 subtidal stations, only eight had B. californiense, and these sites all had a sand fraction above 72%. The remaining stations ranged in their sand content from as low as 1% to as high as 92%, with an average of 25.9%, with 29 stations having a sand content lower than 72%. Lower salinities and muddy sediments may limit the distribution of the lancelet further upstream. This information is useful when changes over decades in the ecology of the estuary need to be evaluated against the background of local, regional, and global dynamics. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1143-1148. Epub 2010 December 01.
]]> Key words: amphioxus, lancelets, Branchiostoma, B. californiense, estuary, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Resumen
Los cefalocordados están representados por los anfioxos, de los que especies del género Branchiostoma son los más conocidos. En los últimos años, estos organismos han sido muy estudiados, principalmente sus relaciones filogenéticas. Durante 1980, realizamos un muestreo del bentos en 48 estaciones del Golfo de Nicoya, costa Pacífica de Costa Rica y reportamos 265 ejemplares del anfioxo, Branchiostoma californiense. También recolectamos un total de 48 individuos en una planicie fangosa de la zona entre mareas de la región superior media del estuario. De las 48 estaciones solamente en ocho encontramos especímenes de B. californiense y estos sitios tenían un porcentaje de arena superior al 72%. Las otras estaciones tenían un porcentaje de arena en un ámbito tan bajo como 1% y tan alto como 92%, con un promedio de 25.9%, 29 estaciones presentaron un porcentaje de arena menor de 72%. Salinidades bajas y sedimentos fangosos pueden limitar la distribución del anfioxo en la región superior del estuario. Esta información es de utilidad cuando se desea evaluar los cambios en la biodiversidad y la ecología del estuario a largo plazo en el contexto de la dinámica local, regional o global.
Palabras clave: anfioxo, Branchiostoma, B. californiense, estuario, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica.
The Phylum Chordata comprises three Subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. The cephalochordates are represented by the lancelets (also known as amphioxus in old literature), with about 29 valid species in two genera: Branchiostoma and Epigonychthys (Poss & Boschung 1996). In recent years, these organisms have been the center of activity of studies focusing on the phylogenetic relationships of the chordates (Gee 2006). Lancelets are found in both temperate and tropical regions mainly from coarse sediments such as sands, gravel, or shell material. In these sediments the organisms usually show a patchy distribution, being abundant at one spot and absent from another a few centimeters away (Webb 1975). Although often viewed as occurring in clean coarse sediments, lancelets have also been reported from anthropologically impacted sediments (Da Silva et al. 2008). According to Ruppert et al. (2000), these organisms feed on particles smaller than 100 microns (microbial and phytoplankton production), and transfer this production to higher trophic levels. Their larval phase may last for several months, allowing the organisms to be transported by currents to distant habitats (Webb 1975). Length at recruitment is known for several species, ranging from 3.3 to 7.0mm (Da Silva et al. 2008).
The Pacific species, B. belcheri reaches sexual maturity at a length greater than 20mm, and most individuals mature after their second year (Yamaguchi & Henmi 2003). B. californiense Andrews 1893, is the only species reported for the Pacific coast of Central America (Poss & Boschung 1996).
]]>In 1980, physical, chemical, and biological surveys were conducted at the Gulf of Nicoya estuary, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (10º N-85º W). The surveys were aimed at providing baseline information on the estuary in support of management policies. More than 100 papers were published, making the Gulf of Nicoya one of the best known tropical estuaries worldwide (Vargas 1995). This baseline information is of increasing importance, especially when changes over decades in the biodiversity and ecology of the estuary need to be evaluated against the background of local, regional, and global dynamics (Vargas & Mata 2004).
The biological subtidal surveys included sampling of the bottom epifaunal (Maurer et al. 1984), infaunal (Maurer & Vargas 1983, 1984), and fish (Bartels et al. 1984) diversities. The subtidal studies were followed by a three year survey of an intertidal site in the upper Gulf of Nicoya (Vargas 1987, 1996), where B. californiense was collected occasionally. The recent book on marine biodiversity of Costa Rica (Wehrtman & Cortés 2009), only mentions that B. californiense was collected from the Gulf of Nicoya estuary.
Thus, the objective of this contribution is to make accesible complementary data on the abundance of B. californiense collected in the Gulf of Nicoya in 1980, and from 1984 to 1986.
Materials and methods
From 9-13 July, 1980, grab (Smith-McIntyre) samples were taken at 48 subtidal (depth range: 2 to 44m) stations in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary, Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Sediment samples were washed on board the RV Skimmer using a 500 micron sieve (Maurer & Vargas 1984). From February 1984 to December 1986, samples were also collected at low tide at an intertidal (tidal range: 3m) flat in the upper Gulf of Nicoya, using a corer of 17.7cm2 of area, and washed with sea water at a field station on a 500 micron sieve. In 1984, sets of 28 cores were collected at intervals ranging from 12 to 18 days. Monthy sampling (14 cores) was conducted afterwards until the end of 1986. The 28 cores represented an area of 0.05m2, which is about 1/3rd of that sampled by the grab in the subtidal survey. In both surveys, biological specimens were preserved for 24 hours in 5% formaldehyde solution in sea water stained with Rose bengal, and transferred to vials filled with 70% ethanol for long-term storage. Lancelets were identified to species level based on Hubbs (1922), and voucher specimens of B. californiense were deposited by the junior author at the United States National Museum (USNM, see catalogue numbers in Poss & Boschung 1996).
Results
]]> In the subtidal infaunal survey, a total of 205 species and a total of 4684 individuals was collected, with polychaete worms dominating by numbers (68.1%) and by species (58.6%), of which Mediomastus californiensis Hartman 1944, (9.9%), Synelmis emiliae Salazar-Vallejo 2003, (=S. albini), (6.5%) and Prionospio multibranchiata Berkeley 1927, (6.4%), ranked as the top three. Among the infaunal species, a total of 237 specimens of B. californiense was collected, ranking 4th in abundance (Maurer & Vargas 1984). Table 1 also includes 29 specimens added after the publication by Maurer & Vargas (1984), to stations 2 (21), 20 (2), 24 (2), and 34 (4), from a duplicate set of samples deposited at the Museum of Zoology, University of Costa Rica (Cat. MZUCR-01-01).Of the 48 stations, only eight (Fig. 1) were found to contain specimens of B. californiense, and these sites had a sand fraction above 72% (Table 1). The remaining stations ranged in their sand content from as low as 1% to as high as 92%, with an average of 25.9% and 29 stations had a sand content lower than 72%. Bottom salinity ranged from 29 to 30‰ and botton temperature varied from 22 to 28ºC (Maurer & Vargas 1983, 1984).
At the intertidal sandy-mud flat, a total of 92 species and 16837 individuals were collected. The ostracod, Cyprideis pacifica Hartmann 1957, and the cumacean, Coricuma nicoyensis Watling & Breedy 1988, accounted for 22.6% and 21% of the abundance, respectively. The polychaete, M. californiensis accounted for 11.0% of the abundance. A total of 48 specimens of B. californiense was collected, with a maximum of 12 individuals found on October 1984, at the peak of the rainy season (Fig. 2). The percentage of silt+clay at the flat ranged from 23 to 44%, with an average of 32%.
The sand fraction averaged 65%. The organic matter content of the sediments was between 1.3 and 2.9%. Salinity ranged from 27 (rainy season, May to November) to 34‰ (dry season, December to April). Minimum water temperature was 27ºC and the maximum was 40ºC, when the flat was exposed at the peak of the dry season (Vargas 1987, 1996).
Discussion
The type locality of B. californiense is San Diego, California, and its known geographical range is from Monterrey Bay (California, U.S.A) to Chame Point, Panama. Prior to the RV Skimmer surveys, the presence of B. californiense in Costa Rica was reported, before 1940, from Puerto Jiménez and Golfito Bay in the Golfo Dulce deep basin near the border with Panama. On the Nicoya peninsula it was collected at Piedra Blanca Bay, Culebra Bay (Puerto Culebra) and further North at Salinas Bay near the border with Nicaragua (Poss & Boschung 1996). Thus, its presence in the Gulf of Nicoya was expected.
The presence of B. californiense, in sediments with a high (more than 60%) sand content in the Gulf of Nicoya, agrees with reports from other collections worldwide (see data in Poss & Boschung 1996). Webb (1975), mentions for B. nigeriense that these lancelets are dependent on a free flow of water between the sand grains in which it lives, and adopts a different position in the sand according to its permeability (body buried in coarse sand, mouth exposed at the surface of medium sands, and mouth and atriopore exposed in fine sands). In muddy sediments the cephalochordate remains on the sediment surface.
The maximun size reported for B. californiense is 83.5mm (Hubbs 1922). Three size measuments are reported by Poss & Boschung (1996) for specimens collected in Costa Rica: 19, 30, and 36mm. In both subtidal and intertidal surveys, the presence of small specimens of B. californiense was recorded. An additional set of samples collected July 1980, yielded 29 specimens (Table 1), with sizes ranging from 5 to 37mm, with an average of 14mm. The individuals of the smallest size probably represent recent recruits for this species. All the specimens collected at the intertidal flat were of less than 30mm in length, and most of them were found during the rainy season (Fig. 2). Larger specimens probably avoided capture by the grab, and more so by the small corer.
]]> According to Webb (1975) the distribution of lancelets is determined by the currents dispersing the larvae, and by the physical nature of the substratum in which the adults live. The Gulf of Nicoya is characterized by an estuarine circulation (Fig. 3), where the freshened surface water from the upper Gulf flows southward along the eastern side of the estuary. This flow is compensated by a northward flow of more saline water on the western side at all depths and on the eastern side along the bottom (Voorhis et al. 1983). This bottom flow probably carries larvae and juvenile B. californiense to the upper reaches of the estuary, including the intertidal flats. Lower salinities, and the presence of sediments with a high content of silt+clay due to the influence of the Tempisque river (Fig. 3), may limit the distribution of amphioxus further upstream. For B. nigeriense, Webb & Hill (1958) found experimentaly that a salinity of 13‰ was the lowest tolerated by larvae and also mention previous work on B. belcheri that lives on a salinity range of 19 to 29‰.
The presence of high densities of B. caribaeum in an eutrophic bay, receiving discharges from industrial and domestic sources, has been reported by Da Silva et al. (2008). The Gulf of Nicoya estuary receives agricultural, industrial and domestic discharges (Vargas & Mata 2004), mainly by the Tempisque and Tárcoles rivers (Fig. 1), and the port city of Puntarenas (Fig. 3B). The results of a survey (1981-82) of trace metals in sediments and invertebrates near the Tárcoles river mouth (Dean et al. 1986), supported the conclusion that the low concentrations found were probably attributable to natural geochemical cycles, rather than to anthropogenic sources. However, recent evidence indicates that anthropogenic input is on the rise in the Gulf for trace metals and other pollutants (Spongberg 2004, Gravel et al. 2006).
We thank Manuel M. Murillo at the University of Costa Rica and Kent S. Price at the University of Delaware for organizing the joint cruises aboard the RV Skimmer.
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Correspondencia a: José A. Vargas. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060. Costa Rica; javargas@biologia.ucr.ac.cr / Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060. Costa Rica.
Harlan K. Dean. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA. 02138. U.S.A.
Received 09-VI-2010. Corrected 10-VII-2010. Accepted 11-VIII-2010.
