Abstract
Over its fifty year history nearly twenty percent of the papers published in the Revista de Biología Tropical have been about inseets and arachnids. In the 1950's papers on arthropods of medical importance were dominant, in the 1960's there was a poliferation of papers on bees, and in more recent years the subjects have become incresingly diverse. In terms of nationality of contributing authors, the journal appears to have hecome increasingly intemational in later years.
Key words
Entomology, Costa Rica, Latin America, insects, arachnids.
The Revista de Biología Tropical has published papers on a wide diversity of tropical organisms, among which are insects and arachnids. Of the approximately 2300 papers published over the last fifty years, about 400, or 17.4%, deal with insects and arachnids (91.5% of these 400 papers are on insects and 8.5% on arachnids). Although there have been fluctuacions - only 10% in the 1950's versus 27% in die 1970's - this figure has remained relatively constant throughout the fifty years.
In the early years of the joumal the majority of entomological publications dealt with arthropods of medical and veterinary imporance (Table 1 ). During the 1950's ten of the 13 entomological papers were authored or coauthored by Rodrigo Zeledón, who at the time was working in the Hospital de San Juan de Dios as an assistant of Alfonso Trejos, the founding father of the Revista (R. Zeledón, pers. comm.). Many of these papers dealt with the triatomine (Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas'disease, a trend which continued in the 1960's (nine papers on triatoniines were published from 1963 to 1967). In later years the journal continued to publish papers on medically important arthropods: the venomous Phoneutria (Ctenidae) and black widow spiders (Theridiidae: Latrodectus), ticks and mites, the sand fly vectors (Psychodidae) of leishmaniasis, and the mosquito vectors (Culicidae: Anopheles) of malaria. From 1973 to 1997 Mario Vargas authored or coauthored ten papers on Simuliidae, an important group of biting flies. Several of the papers published in the Revista describe parasites and parasitoids of medically important arthropods (Table 1 ; Table 3 , Scelionidae), which could provide a means of lowering the populations of these arthropods. There have also been severas papers on the ectoparasitic arthropods of wild birds and mammals (Vives and Zeledón 1957 , Zeledón et al. 1957 , Tonn and Arnold 1963 , 1965 , Arnold 1968 , Camerik et al. 1974 , Fain et al. 1981 , Marinkelle and Grose 1981 ), the vectors of trypanosomes in frogs (Ramos and Urdaneta-Morales 1977 ), and Varroa mites in honey bees (Ramírez and Navarro 1993 ).
In the 1960's another trend emerges - a proliferation of papers on bees (Table 2 ). These publications began with Alvaro Wille, who published nine papers on stingless bees (Meliponini) from 1960 to 1968, and later continued publishing on these hees and on bee morphology (1970, 1979a). Wille did his doctoral research with Charles Michener, the world authority on bees at the University of Kansas, and the Revista thus began attracting contributions by other en-linent bee specialists, for example Padre Moure and Joâo Camargo frorn Brazil. The Revista has also published severas papers on pollination, including some of the first publications describing 'buzz pollination', whereby the bee shakes pollen out of tubular anthers (Michener 1962 , Wille 1963b ). Other papers cover the pollination of pejibaye palm by Derelomus palmarum (Curculionidae) (Mora and Solís 1980 ), of chayote (Cucurbitaceae) by Partamona cupira and Trigona corvino (Wille et al. 1983 ), of coconut palm by Trigona silvestriana ( ), of Xanthosoma (Araceae) by Cyclocephala (Scarabaeidae) ( Valerio 1988 ), of guava (Myrtaceae) by various Apidae (Hedström 1988b ), of passion-flower (Passifloraceae) by Xylocopa bees ( Da Silva et al. 1999 ), and the insects associated with flowers of weedy plants ( Fernánez et al. 2001 ).
I have not reviewed citation indexes and thus cannot evaluate which entomological papers published in the Revista have been most frequently cited. I would, however, like to mention just a few papers that seem noteworthy (these of course reflect personal biases and several have undoubtedly been overlooked). For example, the Revista published the first known case of an aquatic homopteran, a cercopid found in the bracts of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) (Thompson 1997 ). There are very few protozoan parasites of plants and thus it is worth noting a couple of papers on a trypanosome that inhabits the latex of Asclepiadaceae and which is transmited by Oncopeltus (Lygaeidae) ( Ruíz 1958 , Ayala et al. 1975 ). While there are numerous studies of the predators, parasitoids and pathogens associated with lepidopteran larvae, there are very few studies of their gut bacteria (Sittenfeld et al. 2002 ). The phorid flies that parasitize ants have received considerable attention, but there is relatively little information available on those that attack bees (Ramírez 1982 , 1984 , Wcislo 1990 ).
The Revista de Biología Tropical has published relatively few papers on crop pests, which is appropriate since there are other journals dedicated almost exclusively to this topic. However a few noteworthy papers relating to biological control of insects have been published in the Revista. José Rutilio Quesada, who did his doctorate research under Paul DeBach (one of the major figures in the fleid) at the University of California, was one of die first to do research in Latin America demonstrating that insecticides often devastase the populations of natural enemies of insect pests, thereby provoking a resurgence in the pest populations (Quezada et al. 1973 ). It has occasionally been noted that the dust from roads can interfere with parasitoid activity, but Wille and Fuentes (1975) reported a unique resurgence of pests following the erruption of Volcan Irazú in Costa Rica. Naturally occurring parasitoids that help control pests have been reported from the leafminer, Liriomyza (Agromyzidae), which occurs in various crops (Acosta and Cave 1994 ), and from stink bugs (Pentatomidae) in soybean (Venzon 1999 ) and Eucalyptus plantations (Zanuncio et al. 2000 ). The sugarcane borer (Pyralidae: Diatraea) is normally controbed through mass-rearing and periodic liberation of tachinid and braconid parasitoids. The competition between these parasitoids was studied by Weir and Sagarzazu (1998) .
I have not analyzed the geographic distribution of the research or the nationality of the authors contributing entomological papers to the Revista. However, it is obvious that the overwhelming majority of the papers are from research carried out in Latin America (which is appropriate), and a cursory inspection of the nationality of the authors suggests that the journal has become more internacional in the last 25 years. At least some of the foreign contributors were probably motivated to publish in the journal through their contacts with Costa Rican entomologists (this idea could be tested by examining the nationality of coauthored papers).
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Rodrigo Zeledón for reviewing an earlier version of this manuscript.
]]> Resumen
A través de su historia de cincuenta años, casi veinte porciento de los artículos publicados en la Revista de Biología Tropical trataron de insectos y arácnidos. En los aiíos cincuenta dominaron los artículos sobre artrópodos de importancia médica, en los años sesenta hubo una proliferación de artículos sobre abejas, y en los últimos años los temas incluidos se hicieron más diversos. En términos de la nacionalidad de los autores contribuyentes, parece que la revista se ha vuelto más internacional en los últimos años.
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* Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca.
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