<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0001-6002</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Médica Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta méd. costarric]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022016000200056</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Predicción de la concentración de linfocitos T CD4, con base en la teoría de conjuntos aplicada al seguimiento de pacientes con VIH]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Prediction of the concentration of CD4 T lymphocytes based on set theory applied to the monitoring of patients with HIV]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Velásquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto-Bohórquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Signed]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Melo-de Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Martha]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Cajeli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Darío]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Ojeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olarte-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nancy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilches-Betancourt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Pino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valero-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Militar Nueva Granada-Centro de Investigaciones Clínica del Country Grupo Insight y Línea de Profundización e Internado Especial Física y Matemáticas Aplicadas a la Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ingeniería ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>56</fpage>
<lpage>61</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022016000200056&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022016000200056&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022016000200056&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción: Se desarrolló una metodología predictiva de CD4 a partir del recuento de leucocitos y linfocitos del hemograma para pacientes con VIH/sida, buscando una medida alternativa a la citometría de flujo.  Métodos: Se evaluó la pertenencia a cuatro conjuntos: A, B, C y D, de tripletas de linfocitos/mm³, leucocitos/mm³ y CD4/&#956;L, tomados de 33 pacientes, recopilando de 4 a 5 muestras por paciente, 144 en total. La evaluación de (A ( C) , (B (D) y (A( C) &#8745; (B ( D) permite establecer las predicciones a partir del porcentaje de pertenencia a estos conjuntos. Los resultados fueron ordenados de manera descendente dentro de nueve rangos de 1000 leucocitos. Se estableció el número de pacientes con predicciones acertadas y los rangos de mayor efectividad en la predicción.  Resultados: La intersección (A ( C) &#8745; (B ( D) mostró una efectividad en la predicción de CD4 del 85,71% en el rango de 4999-4000 leucocitos, del 83,33% en el de 3999-3000 y del 100% en el de menos de 3000.  Conclusión: La capacidad predictiva y la utilidad clínica de la metodología desarrollada fueron confirmadas para la predicción de linfocitos T CD4, permitiendo disminuir costos frente a la citometría de flujo en el seguimiento de pacientes en el tiempo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  A CD4 predictive methodology from the white cell blood count and lymphocyte blood counts was developed in patients with HIV/AIDS, seeking an alternative measure to flow cytometry.  Methods:  Membership to four sets: A, B, C and D, of triplets of: cells/mm³, leukocytes/mm³, and CD4 cells/&#956;L, was assessed in samples taken from 33 patients, collecting 3 to 5 samples per patient, for a total of 144 samples. The assessment of (A ( C) , (B ( D) y (A ( C) &#8745; (B ( D) allows for predictions based on the percentage of belonging to these groups. The results were arranged in descending order in nine ranges of 1000 leukocytes. The number of patients with accurate predictions and the ranges of greater effectiveness in prediction were established.  Results:  The intersection (A ( C) &#8745; (B ( D) showed effectiveness of 85.71% in predicting CD4 in the range of 4999-4000 leukocytes, 83.33% for 3999-3000, and 100% in the range lesser than 3,000.  Conclusion:  The predictive ability and clinical usefulness of the methodology developed were confirmed for the prediction of T CD4 lymphocites, allowing to lower costs compared to flow cytometry in monitoring patients with HIV/AIDS over time.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[citometría de flujo, CD4]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cuadro hemático]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[predicción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teoría de conjuntos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIH/ sida.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Flow cytometry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CD4]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[blood count]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prediction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[set theory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV / AIDS.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teoría de Conjuntos. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo]]></source>
<year></year>
<page-range>12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diferenciación matemática de péptidos de alta unión de MSP-1 mediante la aplicación de la teoría de conjuntos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inmunología]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<page-range>63-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Informe de ONUSIDA para el día mundial del SIDA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cómo llegar a cero más rápido. Más inteligente. Mejor. Programa conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre VIH/SIDA]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zijenah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kadzirange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madzime]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borok]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudiwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ch]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tobaiwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Affordable flow cytometry for enumeration of absolute CD4+ T-lymphocytes to identify subtype C VIH-1 infected adults requiring antiretroviral therapy (ART) and monitoring response to ART in a resource-limited setting]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Transl Med]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>33</numero>
<issue>33</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barriga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arumir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Carga viral en el en el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Estudio comparativo de tres métodos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Mex Patol Clin]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>155-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vitery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teoría de conjuntos aplicada a poblaciones de leucocitos, linfocitos y CD4 de pacientes con VIH. Predicción de linfocitos T CD4, de aplicación clínica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev Fac Med]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>148-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mars]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Support vector machines to forecast changes in CD4 count of VIH-1 positive patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci Res Essays]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>2384-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korenromp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gouws]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schmid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Auvert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[VIH Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, and CD4+ Cell Count Distributions in African Populations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>194</volume>
<page-range>1450-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Korenromp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gouws]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The rate of decline of CD4 T-cells in people infected with VIH. Cornell university Library]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Gruttola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wegner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[A Collaborative VIH Resistance Response Database Initiative: Predicting Virological Response Using Neural Network Models. Poster presentation at: The XI International VIH Drug Resistance Workshop, Seville]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Revell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montaner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harrigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Wolf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The development of artificial neural networks to predict virological response to combination VIH therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antivir Ther]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<page-range>15-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosen-Zvi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prosperi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aharoni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neuvirth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schülter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparison of Classifier Fusion Methods for Predicting Response to Anti HIV-1 Therapy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>3</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Altman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Däumer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beerenwinkel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peres]]></surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schülter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Büch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicting the Response to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Retrospective Validation of geno2pheno-THEO on a Large Clinical Database]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>199</volume>
<page-range>999-1006</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictions of CD4 lymphocytes&#8217; count in HIV patients from complete blood count]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Medical Physics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soracipa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Teoría de conjuntos aplicada al recuento de linfocitos y leucocitos: predicción de linfocitos T CD4 de pacientes con VIH/SIDA]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Inmunología]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>50-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Progress on global access to antiretroviral therapy: an update on &#8220;3 by 5&#8221; and beyond, World Health Organization]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predicción de la concentración de linfocitos T CD4 en sangre periférica con base en la teoría de la probabilidad. Aplicación clínica en poblaciones de leucocitos, linfocitos y CD4 de pacientes con VIH]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infectio]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>15-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
