<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702022000100429</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.36-1.26</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Obtención de alturas niveladas mediante nivelación GPS Caso de estudio: Morona-Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Obtaining leveled heights by GPS leveling. Case study: Morona-Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Obtenção de alturas niveladas mediante nivelação GPS Caso de estudo: Morona-Equador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Palacios-Orejuela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Iván Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arellano-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Karol Dennise]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas &#8220;ESPE&#8221; Carrera de Ingeniería Geográfica y del Medio Ambiente Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sangolquí ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas &#8220;ESPE&#8221; Carrera de Ingeniería Geográfica y del Medio Ambiente Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y la Construcción]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sangolquí ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>429</fpage>
<lpage>441</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100429&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100429&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100429&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue demostrar la aplicabilidad de la nivelación GPS para la obtención de alturas niveladas precisas con fines de ingeniería, en el cantón Morona - Ecuador. Se evaluaron dos escalas de trabajo: cantonal (macro) y urbana (micro), donde los vértices conocidos desde los cuales se arrastró el valor de altura fueron los puntos pertenecientes a la red geodésica local del cantón. Con el análisis del gradiente de ondulación geoidal se definieron 5 zonas homogéneas de variación del gradiente; se aplicó nivelación GPS en las dos zonas (zona 4 y 5) que contaban con vértices geodésicos y que además abarcan mayor superficie del cantón. Los valores del gradiente de ondulación geoidal en el área de estudio reflejan una variabilidad considerable, con errores de hasta 24 mm/Km. A escala cantonal se alcanzaron errores entre 12.19 cm - 1.27 cm a 30 Km - 5.1 Km en la zona 4, y 38.48 cm - 8.33 cm a 13 Km - 2.7 Km en la zona 5; mientras que, a escala urbana se hallaron errores de 2.48 cm - 0.14 cm a 1.07 Km - 0.19 Km respectivamente. Mediante nivelación GPS se alcanzan resultados auspiciosos para trabajos de ingeniería y las geociencias en general que necesitan alturas niveladas de forma rápida y precisa. Además, para la correcta aplicación de esta técnica se deben considerar dos determinantes que son la distancia de línea base y el gradiente de ondulación geoidal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The aim of the study was to demonstrate the applicability of GPS leveling to obtain accurate leveled heights for engineering purposes, in the canton of Morona, Ecuador. Two working scales were evaluated: cantonal (macro) and urban (micro), where the known vertices from which the height value was determined were points that belong to the local geodesic network of the canton. Based on the analysis of the geoid undulation gradient, 5 homogeneous zones of the gradient variation were defined; GPS leveling was applied in the two zones (zone 4 and 5) that had geodesic vertices and that also cover a larger area of the canton. The geoid undulation gradient values in the study area were highly variable, with errors of up to 24 mm/km. At the cantonal scale, errors were reached between 12.19 cm 1.27 cm at 30 Km 5.1 Km in zone 4, and 38.48 cm 8.33 cm at 13 Km 2.7 Km in zone 5, while on an urban scale, errors of 2.48 cm 0.14 cm were found at 1.07 Km 0.19 Km, respectively. Using GPS leveling, useful results are obtained for engineering jobs and geoscience jobs in general, that require the determination of leveled heights quickly and accurately. For the correct application of this technique, two determinants must be considered: the baseline distance and the geoid undulation gradient.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo demonstrar a aplicabilidade da nivelação GPS para a obtenção de alturas niveladas precisas para fins de engenharia, no município Morona - Equador. Foram avaliadas duas escalas de trabalho: municipal (macro) e urbana (micro), em que os vértices conhecidos desde os quais foi arrastado o valor de altura, foram os pontos pertencentes à rede geodésica local do município. Com a análise do gradiente de ondulação geoidal foram definidas 5 áreas homogêneas de variação do gradiente; aplicou-se nivelação GPS nas duas áreas (área 4 e 5) que possuíam vértices geodésicos e que também compreendem uma maior superfície do município. Os valores do gradiente de ondulação geoidal na área de estudo refletem uma variabilidade considerável, com erros de até 24 mm/Km. Em escala municipal foram alcançados erros entre 12,19 cm - 1,27 cm a 30 Km - 5,1 Km na zona 4, e 38,48 cm - 8,33 cm a 13 Km - 2,7 Km na área 5; por outro lado, em escala urbana foram encontrados erros de 2,48 cm - 0,14 cm a 1,07 Km - 0,19 Km, respectivamente. Por meio da nivelação GPS foram alcançados resultados auspiciosos para trabalhos de engenharia e as geociências em geral que precisam de alturas niveladas de forma rápida e precisa. Além disso, para a correta aplicação desta técnica devem ser considerados dois determinantes: a distância de linha base e o gradiente de ondulação geoidal.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[GNSS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alturas niveladas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[red geodésica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gradiente de ondulación geoidal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[red de control básico vertical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nivelación geométrica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GNSS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[leveled heights]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geodesic network]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geoid undulation gradient]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[network of basic vertical control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geometric leveling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[GNSS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[alturas niveladas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[rede geodésica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gradiente de ondulação geoidal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[rede de controle básico vertical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nivelação geométrica.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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