<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702022000100382</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.36-1.24</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Calidad del agua superficial y presiones socioambientales en la microcuenca alta del río Poás]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Surface water quality and socio-environmental pressures in the upper microbasin of the Poás river]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Qualidade da água superficial e pressões socioambientais na microbacia alta do rio Poás]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arce-Villalobos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kelvin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Centeno-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jacqueline]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rolando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorengeth Abad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Laboratorio de Manejo del Recurso y Grupo de Investigación en Isótopos Estables]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Química Laboratorio de Manejo del Recurso y Grupo de Investigación en Isótopos Estables]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Horizontes Ambientales: Innovación y Cambio Instituto en Estudios de Población]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Nacional Ingeniería en Recurso Hídrico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Alajuela ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>382</fpage>
<lpage>404</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100382&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100382&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100382&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre la calidad del agua superficial en la parte alta de la microcuenca del río Poás y las principales presiones socioambientales que pueden alterar este factor. Para ello se realizó un estudio exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo, donde se identificaron las principales presiones socioambientales que experimenta el recurso hídrico en la zona. Además, se analizó la calidad del agua superficial a través de indicadores físicos, químicos y microbiólogos, para la aplicación de dos índices de calidad. Se encontraron seis presiones socioambientales de impacto negativo al recurso, materializadas a través de acciones puntuales ejecutadas desde el hogar y otras actividades de tipo socioeconómico. A pesar de que la evidencia mostró cumplimiento mayoritario de los parámetros analizados con los criterios de calidad sugeridos a nivel nacional e internacional, los índices revelaron niveles de contaminación incipiente, además de calidad buena y media. Estadísticamente, se encontró que la calidad del agua de la microcuenca no varía espacialmente; sin embargo, sí lo hace de manera temporal, debido a la incidencia de los patrones de lluvia en la zona. Este hallazgo, en conjunto con la determinación de correlaciones significativas entre los parámetros monitoreados, contribuyó a reconocer que los sitios analizados en época lluviosa mantienen mayor relación con parámetros asociados con contaminación orgánica debido a procesos de escorrentía y descarga de agua residual. Por tanto, se plantea la necesidad de coordinar esfuerzos que garanticen la sostenibilidad de la microcuenca, que mejoren la infraestructura sanitaria local, fortalezcan los procesos de gestión del agua y se dirijan al establecimiento de una red de monitoreo desde un marco de referencia con visión de cuenca.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the quality of surface water in the upper part of the Poás river micro basin and the main socio-environmental pressures that may be related to current quality indices. An exploratory study with a quantitative approach was carried out in which the main socio-environmental pressures experienced by the water resource in the area were identified, while the quality of the surface water was determined based on physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators, as well as the application of two quality indices. Six socio-environmental pressures with a negative impact on the resource were found and related to specific actions carried out in homes and other socio-economic activities. Despite the fact that the evidence showed overall compliance between the analyzed parameters and quality criteria used nationally and internationally, the indices revealed incipient contamination levels, as well as good and medium quality. Statistically, it was found that water quality of the micro-basin does not vary spatially; however, it does vary temporarily due to the incidence of rainfall patterns in the area. This finding, along with the determination of significant correlations between the monitored parameters, contributed to the recognition that the sites monitored in the rainy season have a stronger relationship with parameters associated with organic pollution linked to runoff and wastewater discharge processes. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate efforts that guarantee sustainability of the micro basin that improve the local sanitary infrastructure, strengthen water management processes, and are focused on the establishment of a monitoring network within a reference framework oriented towards basins.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a relação entre a qualidade da água superficial na parte alta da microbacia do rio Poás e as principais pressões socioambientais que podem alterar esse fator. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, em que se identificaram as principais pressões socioambientais que o recurso hídrico experimenta na área. Além disso, foi analisada a qualidade da água superficial por meio de indicadores físicos, químicos e microbiológicos, para a aplicação de dois índices de qualidade. Foram encontradas seis pressões socioambientais de impacto negativo para o recurso, materializadas através de ações pontuais executadas desde casa e outras atividades de tipo socioeconômico. Apesar de a evidência mostrar a execução majoritária dos parâmetros analisados com os critérios de qualidade sugeridos no âmbito nacional e internacional, os índices revelaram níveis de contaminação incipiente, além da boa e média qualidade. Estatisticamente, descobriu-se que a qualidade da água da microbacia não varia espacialmente; porém, temporariamente, devido à incidência dos padrões de chuva na área. Esta descoberta, junto à determinação de correlações significativas entre os parâmetros monitorados, contribuiu para reconhecer que os lugares analisados na época chuvosa mantêm maior relação com parâmetros associados à contaminação orgânica causada por processos de escoamento e descarga de águas residuais. Portanto, estabelece-se a necessidade de coordenar esforços que garantam a sustentabilidade da microbacia, melhorem a infraestrutura sanitária local, reforcem os processos de gestão da água e conduzam ao estabelecimento de uma rede de monitoramento a partir de marco de referência com visão de bacia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad del agua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agua superficial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[índices de calidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[características socioambientales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microcuenca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Poás]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Water quality, surface water, quality index, socio environmental characteristics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[watershed, Poás]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Qualidade da água]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[água superficial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[índices de qualidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[características socioambientais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[microbacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Poás.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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