<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-2563</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geográfica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geog. Amer. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-2563</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-25632026000200213</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/rgac.77-2.8</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Modelo operativo del Índice de Fragilidad Ambiental bajo restricción de datos: aplicación y validación en la microcuenca Santa Marta, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Operational Model of the Environmental Fragility Index under Data Constraints: Application and Validation in the Santa Marta Micro-Watershed, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Modelo Operacional do Índice de Fragilidade Ambiental sob Restrição de Dados: Aplicação e Validação na Microbacia Santa Marta, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vargas-Meneses]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincón-Polo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gladys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Laboratorio de Investigación en Agua y Suelos LIAS-San Marcos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Facultad de Ingeniería Marítima y Ciencias del Mar (FIMCM) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[campus Gustavo Galindo Guayaquil]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>77</numero>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>248</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-25632026000200213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-25632026000200213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-25632026000200213&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo presenta un modelo operativo del Índice de Fragilidad Ambiental (IFA) aplicado en contextos de restricción estructural de datos técnicos, institucionales y presupuestarios, mediante el estudio de la microcuenca del río Santa Marta (Tarrazú, Costa Rica). Se integraron tres variables físico-naturales (pendiente, geología superficial y amenazas naturales) mediante análisis multicriterio espacial con ponderación equivalente en entornos SIG de código abierto. El índice resultante evidenció un predominio de fragilidad media (valor promedio 2,75), con concentración de categorías altas en laderas superiores al 30 %. La coherencia espacial del modelo fue evaluada mediante superposición con insumos independientes, incluyendo calidad de agua, cobertura del suelo corregida y zonificación funcional, mostrando correspondencia significativa entre sectores de alta fragilidad y áreas bajo presión antrópica. A partir de esta experiencia, se proponen criterios estratégicos para su implementación progresiva en municipios rurales con limitada capacidad técnica. Se concluye que el modelo adaptado constituye una herramienta metodológicamente consistente para apoyar procesos de ordenamiento territorial preventivo en microcuencas de montaña, siempre que se expliciten sus alcances y limitaciones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article presents an operational model of the Environmental Fragility Index (EFI) applied under conditions of structural constraints in technical, institutional, and budgetary data, using the Santa Marta micro-watershed (Tarrazú, Costa Rica) as a case study. Three key biophysical variables (slope, surface geology, and natural hazards) were integrated through spatial multi-criteria analysis with equal weighting in an open-source Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The resulting index revealed a predominance of medium fragility (mean value of 2.75), with high-fragility categories concentrated on slopes exceeding 30%. Spatial coherence was assessed through overlay analysis with independent environmental inputs, including water quality indicators, corrected land cover data, and a functional zoning proposal, showing significant correspondence between areas of high fragility and zones under anthropogenic pressure. Based on this experience, the study proposes strategic guidelines for progressive implementation in rural municipalities with limited technical capacity. The findings demonstrate that the adapted EFI constitutes a methodologically consistent tool to support preventive territorial planning in mountainous micro-watersheds, provided that its scope and limitations are explicitly acknowledged.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo apresenta um modelo operacional do Índice de Fragilidade Ambiental (IFA) aplicado em contextos de restrição estrutural de dados técnicos, institucionais e orçamentários, por meio do estudo da microbacia do rio Santa Marta (Tarrazú, Costa Rica). Foram integradas três variáveis físico-naturais (declividade, geologia superficial e ameaças naturais) mediante análise multicritério espacial com ponderação equivalente em ambientes SIG de código aberto. O índice resultante evidenciou predominância de fragilidade média (valor médio de 2,75), com concentração de categorias altas em encostas superiores a 30%. A coerência espacial do modelo foi avaliada por meio de sobreposição com insumos independentes, incluindo qualidade da água, cobertura do solo corrigida e zoneamento funcional, demonstrando correspondência significativa entre setores de alta fragilidade e áreas sob pressão antrópica. A partir desta experiência, propõem-se critérios estratégicos para sua implementação progressiva em municípios rurais com limitada capacidade técnica. Conclui-se que o modelo adaptado constitui uma ferramenta metodologicamente consistente para apoiar processos de ordenamento territorial preventivo em microbacias de montanha, desde que seus alcances e limitações sejam explicitados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fragilidad ambiental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[planificación territorial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[microcuenca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[validación cruzada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[IFA simplificado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[environmental fragility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[territorial planning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GIS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[micro-watershed]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cross-validation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[simplified EFI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fragilidade ambiental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ordenamento territorial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[SIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[microbacia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[validação cruzada]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[IFA simplificado]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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