<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4266</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Cuadernos de Investigación UNED]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4266</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42662022000100013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/urj.v14i1.3831</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Optimización de técnicas de PCR para la detección de Salmonella enterica (serotipo Gallinarum) en aves de corral de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leza-Leza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Makayla Tatiana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Víquez-Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eunice]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barquero-Calvo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elías]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sancho-Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umaña-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal Laboratorio de Bacteriología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico (LAGen) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico (LAGen) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42662022000100013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Introducción: La tifosis aviar y la pulorosis, enfermedades ocasionadas por Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (serotipo Gallinarum, biotipos Gallinarum y Pullorum), son responsables de una elevada mortalidad en aves de corral y generan grandes pérdidas económicas. Objetivo: Optimizar técnicas moleculares, como la PCR punto final y la PCR de tiempo real (qPCR), para detectar tifosis aviar y pulorosis. Métodos: Se emplearon cepas bacterianas control, aislamientos y tejidos de aves de infectadas con Salmonella Gallinarum para estandarizar la detección con ambas técnicas. Resultados: Para la PCR de punto final se obtuvo una repetibilidad, especificidad y sensibilidad del 100%, y un valor Kappa de 0,98 para la reproducibilidad; para qPCR una eficiencia del 103% y variación menor al 6% en repetibilidad y reproducibilidad. El límite de detección de ADN genómico fue de 6,4 pg/&#956;L y el del número de células viables de 3x102 UFC/mL para la PCR punto final, y de 10 copias de ADN por reacción para la qPCR. Confirmamos la identidad de S. Gallinarum. Y se redujo el tiempo de detección a unas 48 horas, Conclusión: Logramos optimizar una técnica molecular para detección rápida, confiable y sensible de Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum, la cual reduce el tiempo de espera para tomar acción en casos de sospecha clínica y posibles brotes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT "Optimization of PCR techniques optimization for detection of Salmonella enterica (serotype: Gallinarum) in Costa Rican poultry". Introduction: Avian typhoid and pullorosis, diseases caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Gallinarum serotype, Gallinarum and Pullorum biotypes), cause high mortality in poultry and generate large economic losses. Objective: To optimize molecular techniques, such as endpoint PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR), to detect avian typhoid and pullorosis. Methods: We used control bacterial strains, isolates and tissues from birds infected with Salmonella Gallinarum to standardize detection with both techniques. Results: For the endpoint PCR, we obtained 100% repeatability, specificity and sensitivity, and a Kappa value of 0.98 for reproducibility; for qPCR, 103% efficiency with a variation under 6% in repeatability and reproducibility. The detection limit for genomic DNA was 6.4 pg/&#956;L and the limit for the number of viable cells was 3x102 CFU/mL for endpoint PCR, and 10 DNA copies per reaction for qPCR. We also confirmed the identity of S. Gallinarum, and was reduced. We reduced the detection time to about 48 hours. Conclusion: We optimized a molecular technique for rapid, reliable and sensitive detection of Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum, which reduces the waiting time to take action in cases of clinical suspicion and possible outbreaks.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[molecular detection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[taxonomic placement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Enterobacteriaceae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[detección molecular]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ADN]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[posicionamiento taxonómico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Enterobacteriaceae]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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