<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-4223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[REHMLAC]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-4223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-42232016000200113</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rehmlac.v8i1.24279</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Historical Configurations of Freemasonry in Belgium: Secularity, Politics, Fragmentation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Configuraciones Históricas de la Masonería en Bélgica: Laicidad, Política, Fragmentación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyssens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeffrey]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Vrije Universiteit Brussel  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>BE</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>113</fpage>
<lpage>130</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-42232016000200113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-42232016000200113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-42232016000200113&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[AbstractIf Belgian freemasonry was a largely unproblematic sociability during the 18th century, it took a completely new direction since future Belgium's annexation to France and the Netherlands at the end of the 18th century and in the first decades of the 19th. A set of new lodges with a largely new, mainly bourgeois membership gradually generated a freemasonry that was increasingly anticlerical and openly political as it was the backbone of the country's liberal party. This article shows that, in its secularizing of its own discourse and practices, the Belgian Grand Orient was at the vanguard of what is commonly called "Latin" freemasonry. However, at the turn of the 20th century, when mass democracy changed the country's institutions and when the first socialist sympathies developed within the lodges, a process of de-politicization was engaged that was more or less completed after World War I. The Belgian masonic configuration then tended to become more fragmented. This process started in the early 20th century and was continued into the early 21th, with debates on the regularity issue and even more with the contesting of the male gender-exclusiveness of the grand lodges by members of mixed or feminine freemasonry. Nevertheless, if the old organizational unity was broken, a relatively benign coexistence was developed.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenSi la masonería belga era una sociabilidad a problemática durante una gran parte del siglo XVII, esta dinámica se transformó a partir de la anexión de Bélgica a Francia y a los Países Bajos a finales del siglo XVIII y durante las primeras décadas del XIX. Un conjunto de nuevas logias con una gran cantidad de nuevos miembros, principalmente burgueses generaron progresivamente una masonería que iba a ser cada vez más anticlerical y políticamente abierta como el núcleo duro del partido liberal del país. En este artículo muestra cómo durante la secularización de sus discursos y prácticas, el Gran Oriente belga estaba a la vanguardia de lo que comúnmente se llamó la masonería "latina". Sin embargo, aprincipios del siglo XX, cuando la democracia de masas cambió la identidad del país y las primeras simpatías socialistas se desarrollaron en las logias, se inició un proceso de despolitización, más o menos completado, después de la Primera Guerra Mundial. La configuración masónica belga entonces tendió a la fragmentación. Este proceso se inició a principios del siglo XX y continuó hasta los inicios del XXI, donde los debates sobre la cuestión de la regularidad y aún más por la impugnación de la exclusividad de género de las grandes logias masculinas por las masonerías mixtas o femeninas. Si bien se rompió la antigua unidad organizativa, sin embargo, se pudo desarrollar una convivencia relativamente benigna.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bélgica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[la política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[la laicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[el género]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[la regularidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Belgium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[politics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[secularity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gender]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regularity]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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