<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1659-1321</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Mesoamericana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Mesoam]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1659-1321</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1659-13212021000200587</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/am.v32i2.43179</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Detección de IHHNV en el cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of IHHNV in Litopenaeus vannamei farms in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parajeles-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jose Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña-Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nelson]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solorzano-Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antony]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gaby]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Técnica Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>587</fpage>
<lpage>598</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1659-13212021000200587&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1659-13212021000200587&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1659-13212021000200587&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El virus de la necrosis hipodérmica y hematopoyética infecciosa (IHHNV) produce deformidades cuticulares y reducción del crecimiento del camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei), lo que genera pérdidas productivas por un menor peso de cosecha y menores precios de mercado. Aunque se han descrito linajes patógenos y no patógenos del agente, se desconoce si estos están presentes en el país. Objetivo. Caracterizar los linajes de IHHNV presentes en fincas de camarón blanco en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Entre 2017 y 2018 se investigaron quince granjas camaroneras distribuidas en el Golfo de Nicoya, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. En estas fincas se recolectaron muestras de agua, postlarvas y camarones juveniles, durante un ciclo de producción de tres meses, se tomaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua de los estanques y se aplicó una encuesta a los productores para conocer si tenían conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y si sospechaban de la presencia del agente en sus establecimientos. Las muestras recolectadas se analizaron mediante Reacción en Cadena de Polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación. Resultados. La presencia de IHHNV se determinó en el 86,6 % (13/15) de las fincas analizadas, la secuenciación de los productos amplificados estableció la presencia del linaje III de IHHNV, con un 99,2 %-100,0 % (386-389/389 pb) de similitud con la secuencia aislada en L. vannamei de Venezuela (KM485615.1). Los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua se determinaron como deficientes. Un 53,3 % de productores no tenían conocimiento de IHHNV, mientras que los restantes sospechaban tener el agente en su finca. Conclusión. El linaje patógeno III de IHHNV estuvo presente en la mayoría de las fincas. Se recomienda capacitar a los productores y establecer protocolos de bienestar, manejo y bioseguridad para así mejorar los parámetros productivos de sus fincas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. The infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) produces cuticular deformities and growth reduction of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) causing losses due to a lower harvest weight and lower market prices. Although different pathogenic and non-pathogenic genotypes of IHHNV have been described, it is unknown whether these are present in the country. Objective. To characterize the IHHNV lineages present in white shrimp farms in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. Between 2017 and 2018, a total of 15 shrimp farms distributed in the Gulf of Nicoya, Guanacaste, Costa Rica were investigated. Water, postlarvae, and juvenile shrimp samples were collected during a production cycle of three months, additionally, physicochemical parameters of the water in the ponds were measured and a survey was applied to the producers, to know if they had knowledge about the disease and if they suspected the presence of the agent in their establishments. The collected samples were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Results. The presence of IHHNV was determined in 86.6 % (13/15) of the farms analyzed, the sequencing of the amplified products determined the presence of IHHNV lineage III, with 99.2 %-100.0 % (386-389/389 bp) similarity with the sequence isolated from L. vannamei in Venezuela (KM485615.1). Poor physicochemical parameters of the water were determined. A total of 53.3 % of producers had not heard of IHHNV, while the remaining producers suspected having the virus on their farms. Conclusion. IHHNV pathogenic lineage III was present in most of the farms. It is recommended to train producers and establish welfare, management, and biosecurity protocols in order to improve the productive parameters of their farms.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[enfermedad infecciosa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[genotipaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[linajes patógenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infectious disease]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genotyping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pathogenic lineages]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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