<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0379-3982</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Tecnología en Marcha]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Tecnología en Marcha]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0379-3982</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0379-39822023000300145</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18845/tm.v36i3.6183</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Artículo de revisión. Ácido úsnico: alternativa potencial contra la resistencia bacteriana actual]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Review article. Usnic acid: potential alternative against current bacterial resistance]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avila-Zamora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sharon Juliet]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinzon-Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yessica Dayana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Acero-Godoy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jovanna]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>145</fpage>
<lpage>157</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0379-39822023000300145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0379-39822023000300145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0379-39822023000300145&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El ácido úsnico (AU) es una sustancia liquénica, que hace parte de los metabolitos secundarios de los líquenes, los cuales son organismos que generan una simbiosis entre un organismo fotosintético y un micobionte, como ejemplo Usnea sp, producidos por diferentes rutas metabólicas, como es el caso del AU sustancia resultante de la vía del acetato-malonato. Por otro lado, la extracción de AU se realiza por medio de solventes orgánicos, maceración y para su identificación se realiza cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPCL). Las sustancias liquénicas cuentan con características antimicóticas, antivirales, citotóxicas, antimicrobianas, esta última ha sido estudiada contra bacterias patógenas como Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Streptoccocus sp., entre otros, por considerarse de prevalencia hospitalaria, debido a que han desarrollado resistencia contra los antibióticos comúnmente usados, generando preocupación; por lo que se buscan nuevas alternativas que permitan seguir combatiendo a estos patógenos, se han investigado los mecanismos de acción utilizados por el AU, entre los que se encuentra, la capacidad de inhibir la síntesis de primers bacterianos evitando su replicación, en la literatura ya se ha confirmado su uso a nivel in vitro contra bacterias multirresistentes como en Staphylococcus aureus MRSA demostrando que el AU presenta una concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC) de 25&#8211;50 &#956;g/mL (1). El mecanismo de inhibición del AU puede generar detención del crecimiento bacteriano; por medio de mecanismos como inhibición de la replicación (ADN-ARN) además de la inhibición genes de resistencia bacteriana blindando así este posible antibiótico frente a cepas bacterianas resistentes encontradas actualmente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Usnic acid (AU) is a lichen substance, which is part of the secondary metabolites of lichens, which are organisms that generate a symbiosis between a photosynthetic organism and a mycobiont, such as Usnea sp, produced by different metabolic pathways, such as this is the case of the AU substance resulting from the acetate-malonate pathway. On the other hand, the extraction of UA is carried out by means of organic solvents, maceration and for its identification, high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPCL) is carried out. Lichen substances have antimycotic, antiviral, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial characteristics, the latter has been studied against pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Streptoccocus sp., among others, due to antiquity of hospital prevalence, due to the fact that they have developed resistance against used antibiotics, concern; Therefore, new alternatives are being sought that allow us to continue fighting these pathogens. The mechanisms of action used by UA have been investigated, among which are the ability to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial primers, preventing their replication. has confirmed its in vitro use against multiresistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, showing that UA has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25&#8211;50 &#956;g/mL (1). The UA inhibition mechanism can lead to bacterial growth arrest; through mechanisms such as replication inhibition (DNA-RNA) in addition to the inhibition of bacterial resistance genes, thus shielding this possible antibiotic against resistant bacterial strains currently found.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Actividad antimicrobiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[simbiosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[liquen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[rutas metabólicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[symbiosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lichen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[metabolic pathways]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>(1)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Membrane-damaging potential of natural L-(&#8722;)-usnic acid in Staphylococcus aureus»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>(2)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lücking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota &#8211; Approaching one thousand genera»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Bryologist]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>(3)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thakur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential of Lichens]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Review of Bioactive Compounds with Biological Activities]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>(4)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yousuf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichens»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Studies in Natural Products Chemistry]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>(5)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elkhateeb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Mysterious World of Lichens: Highlights on Their History, Applications, and Pharmaceutical Potentials»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat. Prod. J.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>(6)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sargsyan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of non-cytotoxic extracts of corticolous lichens sampled in Armenia»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AMB Express]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>(7)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devashree]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichens: Fungal symbionts and their secondary metabolites»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>(8)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Exploring Phytochemicals for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Microbial Pathogens»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front. Pharmacol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>(9)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flach]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.-F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antibiotic resistance in the environment»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat. Rev. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>(10)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armaleo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its algal partner Asterochloris glomerata»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Genomics]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>(11)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grimm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The Lichens&#8217; Microbiota, Still a Mystery?»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>(12)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Büdel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scheidegger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Thallus morphology and anatomy»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cambridge: Cambridge University Press]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>(13)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rankovi&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kosani&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichens as a Potential Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>(14)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amo de Paz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/editorialucm/36925.php]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>(15)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. I. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[s.f.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>(16)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galanty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Enantioselective activity of usnic acid: a comprehensive review and future perspectives»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Phytochem.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>(17)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«The role of atropisomers on the photo-reactivity and fatigue of diarylethene-based metal&#8211;organic frameworks»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New J. Chem.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>(18)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francolini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Usnic Acid: Potential Role in Management of Wound Infections»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>(19)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zugic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Nano- and Microcarriers as Drug Delivery Systems for Usnic Acid: Review of Literature»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pharmaceutics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>(20)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calcott]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Secondary metabolism in the lichen symbiosis»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chem. Soc. Rev.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>(21)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichen Metabolites: An Overview of Some Secondary Metabolites and Their Biological Potential»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>(22)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Devashree]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichens: Fungal symbionts and their secondary metabolites»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>(23)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«A comprehensive review on secondary metabolites and health-promoting effects of edible lichen»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Funct. Foods]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>(24)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. C. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Usnic acid: from an ancient lichen derivative to promising biological and nanotechnology applications»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Phytochem. Rev.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>(25)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[&#350;ahin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Ramalina Lichens and Their Major Metabolites as Possible Natural Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Food Biochem.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>(26)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[s.f.]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>(27)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shiromi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. S. A. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Sri Lankan Lichens, Parmotrema rampoddense, and Parmotrema tinctorum against Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>(28)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aoussar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Phytochemical Analysis, Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Lichens»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>(29)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antimicrobial Activity of Divaricatic Acid Isolated from the Lichen Evernia mesomorpha against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>(30)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[s.f.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>(31)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Timbreza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[s.f..]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>(32)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chauhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abraham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of the Lichen Parmotrema sp. Extracts against Various Pathogens»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Iran J Basic Med Sci]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>(33)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shcherbakova]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Evernia prunastri extracts and their isolates»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>(34)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Victor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of usnic acid derivatives»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MedChemComm]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>(35)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ilic]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«DnaG Primase&#8212;A Target for the Development of Novel Antibacterial Agents»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antibiotics]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>(36)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Usnic acid modifies MRSA drug resistance through down&#8208;regulation of proteins involved in peptidoglycan and fatty acid biosynthesis»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEBS Open Bio]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>(37)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat. Rev. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>(38)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«In vitro antimicrobial activity of the organic extract of Cladonia substellata Vainio and usnic acid against Staphylococcus spp. obtained from cats and dogs»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pesqui. Veterinária Bras.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>(39)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barrera Tomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Synthesis of acyl-hydrazone from usnic acid and isoniazid and its anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Colomb. Quím.]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>(40)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kukla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF USNIC ACID AND OCTYL GALLATE AGAINST RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS STRAINS»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mil. Med. Sci. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>(41)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Priya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-infective Potential of Thymol Against Early Childhood Caries Causing Dual Species Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front. Pharmacol.]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>(42)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nithyanand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Usnic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite inhibits Group A Streptococcus biofilms»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>(43)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[s.f.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>(44)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitriani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Hydrogel Formulation of Usnic Acid and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acne»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sci. Pharm.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>(45)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bachtiar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antibacterial properties of usnic acid against vibriosis»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res. J. Chem. Environ.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>(46)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tozatti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Activity of the Lichen Usnea steineri and its Major Metabolites against Gram&#8211;positive, Multidrug&#8211;resistant Bacteria»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nat. Prod. Commun.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>(47)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lucarini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodrigo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Antimycobacterial activity of Usnea steineri and its major constituent (+)-usnic acid»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Afr. J. Biotechnol.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>(48)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Loureiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Structures, Activities and Drug-Likeness of Anti-Infective Xanthone Derivatives Isolated from the Marine Environment: A Review»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>(49)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Resende]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Diana I. S. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Lichen Xanthones as Models for New Antifungal Agents»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Molecules]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>(50)</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[«Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Drinking Water in Cali, Colombia»]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
