<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0377-9424</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agronomía Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agron. Costarricense]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0377-9424</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica. Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrónomos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0377-94242024000200065</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rac.v48i2.62469</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Assessing two methods for agrochemical application (tractor-based and uav) in rice fields]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evaluación de dos métodos para aplicaciones agroquímicas (spray boom y dron) en el cultivo de arroz]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo-Mejías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Venegas-Méndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isaac]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Downing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Melissa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Independent researcher  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Independent researcher  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería de Biosistemas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Ingeniería de Biosistemas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>65</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0377-94242024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0377-94242024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0377-94242024000200065&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Introduction. Rice is one of the world&#8217;s most consumed grains in the world and is the most cultivated annual crop in Costa Rica. During rice&#8217;s growth, some kernel characteristics can be enhanced by using plant growth regulators (PGR), usually sprayed over the crop with a tractor-based spray boom (SB). Recently, the use of Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers, in PGR applications, has become more common. However, the lack of efficiency compared with conventional methods (as SB) urges research development. Objective. To compare spraying efficiency of SB and UAV using a PGR over rice (Oryza sativa). Materials and methods. Three treatments of different volumes with SB (SB100=100 L ha-1, SB150=150 L ha-1 and SB200=200 L ha-1), three treatments with UAV (D10=10 L ha-1, D20=20 L ha-1 and D30=30 L ha-1) and one control (no spray application) were conducted in a rice field located in Pavones, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Five repetitions were carried out in a completely randomized design for all treatments with different PGR rates and considering spraying quality (coverage, uniformity and droplet density), rice yield, and rice milling quality as efficiency parameters. Results and discussion. SB and UAV treatments did not present statistical differences in rice milling quality and yield. Considering the spray quality for SB, SB100 complied with the required droplet density (more than 20 drops cm-2), while being the treatment with the lowest water use. As for spray quality in UAV treatments, neither had the minimum droplet density required (7.44 - 17.4 drops cm-2), in addition to a poor uniformity performance with high values of coefficient of variation (48.49 - 57.77%). Conclusion. After evaluating the efficiencies of SB and UAV treatments, SB100 is the most efficient method based only on the spray quality parameter, since rice milling quality and yield did not present statistical differences.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Introducción. El arroz es de los granos más consumidos en el mundo y el cultivo anual más producido en Costa Rica. Durante el crecimiento del arroz, algunas características del grano pueden mejorarse mediante reguladores de crecimiento (PGR), usualmente aplicados con spray boom montado en tractor (SB). Recientemente, ha aumentado el uso de drones para aplicaciones de PGR. Sin embargo, escasez de comparaciones de eficiencia con métodos convencionales (como SB) hace necesario el desarrollo de investigaciones. Objetivo. Comparar la eficiencia de aplicación entre un SB y un dron usando un PGR sobre arroz (Oryza sativa). Materiales y métodos. Tres tratamientos de diferentes volúmenes con SB (SB100=100 L ha-1, SB150=150 L ha-1 and SB200=200 L ha-1), con dron (D10=10 L ha-1, D20=20 L ha-1 and D30=30 L ha-1) y un control se aplicaron en un campo arrocero en Pavones, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se realizaron cinco repeticiones en un diseño completamente aleatorio para todos los tratamientos con diferentes tasas de PGR y tomando como parámetros de eficiencia la calidad de aplicación (cobertura, uniformidad y densidad de gotas), el rendimiento del arroz, y la calidad molinera. Resultados y discusión. Los tratamientos con SB y dron no presentaron diferencias estadísticas en calidad molinera y rendimiento del arroz. En cuanto a la calidad de aplicación de SB, SB100 cumplió con los requerimientos de densidad de gotas (mayor a 20 gotas cm-2) siendo el tratamiento con menor uso de agua. Considerando la calidad de aplicación de dron, ningún tratamiento cumplió con densidad de gotas requerida (7,44-17,4 gotas cm-2) sumado a una baja uniformidad (48,49-57,77%). Conclusión. Después de evaluar eficiencias de los tratamientos con dron y SB, SB100 resultó en el método más eficiente basado únicamente en el parámetro de calidad de aplicación, ya que no se presentaron diferencias estadísticas en calidad molinera y rendimiento del arroz.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[unmanned aerial vehicle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spray boom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rice]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[plant growth regulator]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vehículo aéreo no tripulado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[spray boom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[eficiencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arroz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[regulador de crecimiento]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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