<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000200014</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73is1.63715</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estructura comunitaria de ecosistemas coralinos en sitios de importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad marina del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Community Structure of coral ecosystems in sites of importance for the conservation of marine biodiversity in the North Pacific of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada-Perez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Noguera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Celeste]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas-Moya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan-José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Garro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ilena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Venegas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piedra-Chacón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rotney]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anderson-Rana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asociación Conservacionista Misión Tiburón  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Playas del Coco Guanacaste]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asociación Costa Rica por Siempre  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000200014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El Pacífico norte de Costa Rica es una región muy dinámica en términos oceanográficos y ha sido identificado como un sitio importante para los ambientes coralinos, con presencia de abundantes comunidades coralinas y algunos de los arrecifes de coral más desarrollados de la costa Pacífica costarricense. Sin embargo, estos ecosistemas han sufrido degradación en los últimos años, producto de eventos de origen natural y antropogénico.  Objetivo:  Este estudio determina el estado ecológico de ecosistemas coralinos ubicados en los Sitios de Interés para la Conservación Golfo de Papagayo y Punta Gorda - Punta Pargos.  Métodos:  Se exploró la línea de costa y las formaciones geológicas (islas e islotes) ubicadas en estos SIC, y se efectuaron evaluaciones ecológicas rápidas, que incluyeron la caracterización de las comunidades bentónicas, de macroinvertebrados y de peces de cada sitio.  Resultados:  En 46 sitios visitados, se encontraron tres arrecifes de coral vivos, 14 muertos y 29 comunidades coralinas sobre basaltos, destacando una baja cobertura de coral vivo (4.3 %) y un predominio de tapetes algales (64 %). Se registraron 79 especies de peces y 40 especies de macroinvertebrados, con variaciones significativas en la composición de las comunidades de estos organismos entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas coralinos caracterizados. Matapalo y Jícaro se destacan como puntos brillantes de desarrollo arrecifal en la región.  Conclusiones:  Esta evaluación arroja luz sobre la continua alteración de estos ecosistemas a lo largo de las últimas décadas, sin indicios de mejoras significativas en su estado. Esta realidad subraya la urgencia de tomar medidas efectivas de conservación y gestión para preservar y restaurar estos arrecifes coralinos y rocosos, a fin de garantizar la sostenibilidad de estos valiosos recursos marinos en la región.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The North Pacific of Costa Rica is a very dynamic region in oceanographic terms and has been identified as an important site for coral environments, with abundant coral communities and some of the most developed coral reefs on the Costa Rican Pacific coast. Nevertheless, these ecosystems have suffered degradation in the last years, a product of events of natural and anthropogenic origin.  Objective:  This study determines the ecological state of the coralline ecosystems located in the Sites of Interest for the Conservation Golfo de Papagayo and Punta Gorda - Punta Pargos.  Methods:  The coastline and geological formations (islands and islets) located in these SICs were explored, and rapid ecological evaluations were carried out, which included the characterization of the benthic, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities of each site.  Results:  In 46 surveyed sites, three were identified as living coral reefs, 14 as dead coral reefs, and 29 as coral communities upon basalts, highlighting a low coverage of live coral (4.3 %) and a predominance of algae mats (64 %). A total of 79 fish species and 40 macroinvertebrate species were recorded, with significant variations in the community composition of these organisms between the three types of coral ecosystems characterized. Matapalo and Jícaro stand out as bright spots of reef development in the region.  Conclusions:  This evaluation sheds light on the continuous alteration of these ecosystems over the last decades, without signs of significant improvements in their state. This reality underlines the urgency of taking effective measures of conservation and management to preserve and restore these coral and rocky reefs, in order to guarantee the sustainability of these valuable marine resources in the region.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[fishes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[macroinvertebrates]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coverage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infralittoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reefs.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[peces]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[macroinvertebrados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cobertura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infralitoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arrecifes.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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