<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442025000100017</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v73i1.57971</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The performance of mass testing strategies for COVID-19: a case study for Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desempeño de estrategias de pruebas masivas para COVID-19: un estudio de caso para Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Solís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maikol]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasquier-Jaramillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuñez-Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrigal-Redondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatica-Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Matemática Centro de Investigación en Matemática Pura y Aplicada (CIMPA)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Illinois National Center for Supercomputing Applications ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Urbana Illinois]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>73</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442025000100017&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  In this article, we derive the behavior of four different mass testing strategies, grounded in guidelines and public health policies issued by the Costa Rican public healthcare system.  Objective:  To formally develop the changes of each studied mass testing strategy under different contexts related to people&#8217;s risk, costs of testing, and accessibility to alternative testing technologies.  Methods:  We take over a pre-classifier applied to individuals capable of partitioning suspected individuals into low-risk and high-risk groups. We consider the impact of three testing technologies: RT-qPCR, antigen-based testing, and saliva-based testing (RT-LAMP). When available, we introduced a category of essential workers.  Results:  Numerical simulation results confirm that strategies using only RT-qPCR tests cannot achieve sufficient stock capacity to provide efficient detection regardless of prevalence, sensitivity, or specificity. Strategies that harness the power of pooling and RT-LAMP either maximize stock capacity, detection efficiency, or both.  Conclusions:  Investing in data quality and classification accuracy can improve the odds of achieving pandemic control and mitigation. Future work will be focused on, based on our findings, constructing representative synthetic data through agent-based modeling and studying the properties of specific pre-classifiers under various scenarios.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  En este artículo, derivamos el comportamiento de cuatro diferentes estrategias de pruebas masivas, basadas en las directrices y políticas de salud pública emitidas por el sistema de salud pública de Costa Rica.  Objetivos:  Desarrollar formalmente los cambios de cada estrategia de pruebas masivas estudiada bajo diferentes contextos relacionados con riesgo de las personas, costos de la prueba y acceso a tecnologías alternativas de pruebas.  Métodos:  Asumimos un pre-clasificador aplicado a individuos, capaz de dividir a los sospechosos en grupos de bajo riesgo y alto riesgo. Consideramos el impacto de tres tecnologías de prueba: RT-qPCR, pruebas basadas en antígenos y pruebas de saliva (RT-LAMP). Cuando estuvo disponible, introdujimos una categoría de trabajadores esenciales.  Resultados:  Los resultados de simulaciones numéricas confirman que las estrategias que utilizan únicamente pruebas RT-qPCR no pueden lograr una capacidad de existencias suficiente para proporcionar una detección eficiente, independientemente de la prevalencia, sensibilidad o especificidad. Las estrategias que aprovechan el poder tanto del agrupamiento (pooling) como del RT-LAMP maximizan la capacidad de existencias o la eficiencia de detección, o ambos.  Conclusiones:  Invertir en la calidad de los datos como en la precisión de la clasificación puede mejorar las probabilidades de lograr el control y la mitigación de la pandemia. El trabajo futuro se concentrará, basándonos en nuestros hallazgos, en construir datos sintéticos representativos a través de modelado basado en agentes y estudiar las propiedades de pre-clasificadores específicos bajo varios escenarios.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mass testing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19 Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[RT-qPCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antigen test]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[RT-LAMP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pooling]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[detection strategies.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pruebas masivas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19 Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[RT-qPCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pruebas de antígenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[RT-LAMP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agrupamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estrategias de detección.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avaniss-Aghajani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarkissian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avaniss-Aghajani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Validation of the hologic aptima unisex and multitest specimen collection kits used for endocervical and male urethral swab specimens (aptima swabs) for collection of samples from sars-cov-2-infected patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beaudevin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berlivet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boudia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bourgain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cassier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaudillière]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Löwy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8216;Test, test, test!&#8217;: Scarcity, tinkering, and testing policy early in the covid-19 epidemic in france]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Medicine Anthropology Theory]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>13-1</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Allocating resources to control infectious diseases]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandeau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Operations research and health care: A handbook of methods and applications]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>443-64</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenes-Camacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araya-Umaña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González-Quesada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Méndez-Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estimaciones y proyecciones de población por sexo y edad, 1950-2050]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caliendo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginocchio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[May]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quinn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenover]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blaschke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonomo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carroll]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferraro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirschhorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joseph]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karchmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacIntyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jackson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Better tests, better care: Improved diagnostics for infectious diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>57</volume>
<numero>^s3</numero>
<issue>^s3</issue>
<supplement>3</supplement>
<page-range>S139-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Memoria Institucional 2021]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Center for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Interim Guidance for Antigen Testing for SARS-CoV-2]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Changes Medicare Payment to Support Faster COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Comess]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holmes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Statistical modeling for practical pooled testing during the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Statistical Science]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>229-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dorfman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The detection of defective members of large populations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Annals of Mathematical Statistics]]></source>
<year>1943</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>436-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Du]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pandey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chinazzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pastore-Piontti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lachmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vespignani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cowling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galvani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comparative cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in the USA: A modelling study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet Public Health]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>e184-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[scobar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeanneret]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bravo-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Valderrama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrid-Wolff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cepeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guevara-Suarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarmiento]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Medaglia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forero-Shelton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laajaj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Restrepo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arbelaez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Smart pooling: AI-powered COVID-19 informative group testing]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scientific Reports]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>6519</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Puerta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vásquez-Brenes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvo-Alpízar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barboza-Chinchilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivas-Chaves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mery-Valdovinos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Rosales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Modelos matemáticos y análisis estadísticos implementados para el estudio de Covid19 en Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Organización Panamericana de la Salud]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grantz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Metcalf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gurley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lessler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Maximizing and evaluating the impact of test-trace-isolate programs: A modeling study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Medicine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haigh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gandhi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 Mitigation with appropriate safety measures in an essential workplace: lessons for opening work settings in the United States during COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Open Forum Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. H. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<page-range>672-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rafaqat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shabbir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Data-driven test strategy for COVID-19 using machine learning: A study in Lahore, Pakistan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Socio-Economic Planning Sciences]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>80</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jehi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ji]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milinovich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erzurum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gordon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Young]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kattan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Individualizing risk prediction for positive coronavirus disease 2019 testing: results from 11 672 patients]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Chest]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>158</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1364-75</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[K&#305;rk&#305;zlar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faissol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Griffin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Timing of testing and treatment for asymptomatic diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Mathematical Biosciences]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>226</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>28-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larremore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shehata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Burke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tambe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Science Advances]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Testing at scale during the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Reviews Genetics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>415-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millioni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mortarino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Test Groups, not individuals: A review of the pooling approaches for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnostics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministerio de Salud Costa Rica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Informe de Gestión 2020-2021]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Salud (MINSA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministerio de Salud Costa Rica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[LS-SS-012. Lineamientos generales para el uso de pruebas alternativas (antígeno, pruebas moleculares isotérmicas) al estándar de oro (RT- PCR) para el diagnóstico de COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Salud (MINSA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Ministerio de Salud Costa Rica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[LS-VS-001. Lineamientos Nacionales para la Vigilancia de la enfermedad COVID-19 (versión 26) (LS-VS-001-26)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministerio de Salud (MINSA)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagura-Ikeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tabata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miyoshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murahara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mizuno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horiuchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Imoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical evaluation of self-collected saliva by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), direct RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and a rapid antigen test to diagnose COVID-19]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez-Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jakobsson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The epidemiology workbench: A tool for communities to strategize in response to COVID-19 and other infectious diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[medRxiv]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>2020</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prevalence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A narrative review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>173</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>362-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Topol]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that are asymptomatic: A systematic review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Internal Medicine]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>174</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>655-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Österdahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lochlainn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wilson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douthwaite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horsfall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldenberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stanley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spector]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detecting SARS-CoV-2 at point of care: Preliminary data comparing loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMC Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>783</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peeling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Olliaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boeras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fongwen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: Promises and challenges]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>e290-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plantes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fragala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Radcliff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goldberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Model for mitigation of workplace transmission of COVID-19 through population-based testing and surveillance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Population Health Management]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>^s1</numero>
<issue>^s1</issue>
<supplement>1</supplement>
<page-range>S16-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pearson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanugi-Carresse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mullen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuzzo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[COVID-19 response and maintenance of essential health services in Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Exemplars in Global Health]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubinstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How Latin American health care systems will respond to the next crises? Lessons and challenges after the COVID-19 pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Archives of Medical Research]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzpatrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zimmer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdollahi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Juden-Kelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moghadas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galvani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<numero>34</numero>
<issue>34</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saidani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kim]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Designing optimal COVID-19 testing stations locally: A discrete event simulation model applied on a university campus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS ONE]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramsay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimizing benefits of testing key workers for infection with SARS-CoV-2: A mathematical modeling analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>3196-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DuMont-Schütte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dietz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bauer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical predictive models for COVID-19: Systematic study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Medical Internet Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura-Ulate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrigal-Redondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuñez-Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatica-Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and alternative protocols for lower cost, large-scale COVID-19 testing: Lessons from an emerging economy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>173-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tindale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stockdale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coombe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garlock]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. Y. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saraswat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wallinga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colijn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Evidence for transmission of COVID-19 prior to symptom onset]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[eLife]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>9</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fenichel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. B. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brackney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casanovas-Massana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campbell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fournier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Datta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dela Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farhadian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iwasaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grubaugh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wyllie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Increased SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity with pooled saliva samples]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Emerging Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>1184-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiencek]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Head]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sifri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Clinical ordering practices of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test at a large academic medical center]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Open Forum Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wynants]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Collins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heinze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schuit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arshi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dahly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Damen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Debray]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. M. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Vos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dhiman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ensor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[van Smeden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: Systematic review and critical appraisal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BMJ]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>369</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rothman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[PCR-based diagnostics for infectious diseases: Uses, limitations, and future applications in acute-care settings]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>337-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Risk and protective factors for COVID-19 morbidity, severity, and mortality]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Reviews in Allergy &amp; Immunology]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>90-107</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
