<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442020000600013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v68is2.44330</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Urban streams in Latin America: Current conditions and research needs]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Corrientes urbanas en América Latina: condiciones actuales y necesidades de investigación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walteros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jeymmy M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alonso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Environmental Sciences Faculty ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,North Carolina State University Department of Applied Ecology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ NC]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000600013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Latin America is a highly urbanized region, with most of its population living in cities and urban centers. While information about urban streams in Latin America is rather limited, streams are expected to experience similar environmental impacts and conservation issues as urban streams in parts of the globe, including habitat loss, channelization, sewage discharge, trash, and loss of riparian habitats.  Objective:  We surveyed a network of researchers from approximately 80% of the countries in Latin America to obtain information on the condition, state of knowledge, and threats to urban streams in the region.  Methods:  Most participants were reached via the Macrolatinos@ network (www.macrolatinos.net).  Results:  We obtained 104 responses from researchers in 18 of the 23 Latin American countries. Most urban streams are impacted or degraded, and inputs of contaminants and wastewater discharges were considered major drivers of stream degradation. Most respondents indicated that stream channelization is common, with some streams completely channelized or buried. Sewage and rainfall runoff management were identified as a major factor degrading streams, with most respondents suggesting that streams are a primary destination for wastewater discharge, much of which is untreated. Major limitations to urban stream conservation in Latin America are the result of limited ecological knowledge, lack of citizen interest or political will to protect them. There are isolated efforts to restore urban streams and riparian zones, but these are initial steps that need further development.  Conclusions:  Our research network of Latin American scientists proved to be a valuable tool to assess a large number of urban rivers in a relatively understudied region. Urban streams in Latin America face a diversity of stressors and management challenges, and we propose three areas that would benefit from further research to improve our understanding and management of these systems: (1) Studies should focus on the watershed, rather than isolated reaches, (2) researchers should strive to attain a better understanding of ecosystem function and the services provided by urban streams to justify management and restoration efforts, and (3) studies that integrate economic models where downstream users pay for upstream protection and restoration could prove beneficial for many Latin American cities in attempting to address water conservation issues.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Latinoamérica es una región altamente urbanizada, con la mayoría de su población viviendo en ciudades y centros urbanos. Es bastante limitada la información sobre los ríos urbanos en esta región, sin embargo, se reconocen algunas problemáticas ambientales sobre estos ecosistemas urbanos, los cuales suelen ser similares en toda la región. Algunas de estas son la pérdida de hábitat, la canalización, la descarga de aguas residuales, la basura y la pérdida de zonas ribereñas.  Objetivo:  Nuestro propósito es obtener información sobre la condición, el estado del conocimiento y las amenazas de nuestros ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica.  Métodos:  Para esto se compartió una encuesta entre investigadores de la región, contactados en su mayoría a través de la red Macrolatinos@ (www.macrolatinos.net).  Resultados:  Se recibieron 104 respuestas de personas en 18 países, de los 23 que conforman Latinoamérica. La mayoría de los ríos urbanos se encuentran degradados, principalmente por los aportes de contaminantes y la descarga de aguas residuales. Existen ríos que han sido canalizados completamente, sin embargo, otros presentan algunos tramos con estructuras duras y muy pocos muestran una condición natural. El manejo de las aguas residuales y de la escorrentía de lluvias se identificaron como un factor importante en estos ríos. Es común encontrar sistemas combinados de alcantarillado y escorrentía de lluvias, que finalmente se mezclan y llegan a los ríos sin un tratamiento considerable. Las principales limitaciones para la conservación y restauración de los ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica es la falta de conocimiento ecológico, el desinterés del ciudadano y la falta de voluntad política. Aunque existen esfuerzos aislados que viene trabajando por restaurar tanto los ríos como las zonas ribereñas, estos son pasos iniciales que necesitan un mayor desarrollo.  Conclusiones:  Nuestra red de investigación de científicos latinoamericanos demostró ser una herramienta valiosa para evaluar una cantidad de ríos urbanos de forma rápida y precisa. Nuestros ríos enfrentan una serie de impactos estresantes, por lo que requieren urgente gestión. Se proponen tres áreas o enfoques particulares para mejorar la comprensión y gestión de los ríos urbanos en Latinoamérica: (1) Los estudios deben centrarse desde la visión de cuenca, (2) Es necesario una comprensión de la función del ecosistema acuático y la identificación de los servicios ecosistémicos, para justificar la gestión y restauración, y finalmente, (3) Los modelos de pagos por servicios ambientales pueden ser una buena estrategia para gestionar proyectos de conservación y restauración en las cuencas altas de estos ríos urbanos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Management strategies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quality conditions]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[scientific knowledge]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban ecosystems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water management]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water supply.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[condiciones de calidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conocimiento científico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecosistema urbano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[estrategias de gestión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[suministro de agua]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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