<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442018000401547</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33216</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Urbanization and biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: The case study of Delhi, India]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Urbanización y biodiversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares -Caso de estudio de Delhi, India]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manju M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gupta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Akshat]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Prabhat]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Delhi Sri Aurobindo College Department of Botany]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Malviya Nagar Delhi]]></addr-line>
<country>India</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Technical University of Munich  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Arcisstraße München]]></addr-line>
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1547</fpage>
<lpage>1558</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401547&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401547&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401547&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Increasing urbanisation is widely associated with decline in biodiversity of all forms. The aim of the present study was to answer two questions: (i) Does rapid urbanization in Delhi (India) affect biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi? (ii) If so, how? We measured the AM fungal diversity at nine sites located in Delhi forests, which had different types of urban usage in terms of heavy vehicular traffic pollution, littering, defecation and recreational activities. The study revealed a significant decrease in AM fungal diversity (alpha diversity) and abundance measured as spore density, biovolume, mean infection percentage (MIP) in roots, soil hyphal length and easily extractable glomalin related soluble proteins (EE-GRSP) at polluted sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and nested PERMANOVA, revealed significant differences in AM fungal community structure which could be correlated with variations in soil moisture, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels. BEST (biota and environmental matching) analysis of biological and environmental samples revealed that soil temperature and moisture accounted for 47.6 % of the total variations in the samples. The study demonstrated how different forms of human activities in urban ecosystems of Delhi are detrimental to the diversity and abundance of AM fungi.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El incremento en la urbanización está ampliamente asociado con una disminución de la biodiversidad de todas las formas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue responder dos preguntas: (i) ¿Afecta la urbanización rápida en Delhi (India) la biodiversidad de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (MA)?, y (ii) si es así, ¿Cómo? Medimos la diversidad de hongos MA en nueve sitios ubicados en los bosques de Delhi, los cuales tenían diferentes tipos de uso urbano en términos de contaminación por alto tráfico vehicular, basura, defecación y actividades recreacionales. El estudio reveló una disminución significativa en la diversidad de hongos MA (diversidad alfa) y abundancia medida como densidad de esporas, biovolumen, porcentaje medio de infección (PMI) en raíces, longitud de las hifas del suelo y glomalina fácilmente extraible relacionada con proteínas solubles (EE-GRSP) en sitios contaminados. Análisis de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) y PERMANOVA anidados revelaron diferencias significativas en la estructura de hongos MA, que puede estar relacionada con la variación en humedad, temperatura, pH y niveles de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo del suelo. El análisis BEST (biota y correspondencia ambiental) de muestras biológicas y ambientales mostró que la temperatura y humedad del suelo explican un 47.6 % del total de la variación en las muestras. Este estudio demostró cómo las diferentes actividades humanas en ecosistemas urbanos de Delhi son perjudiciales para la diversidad y abundancia de hongos MA.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Urban forests]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Glomus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Glomeromycotina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[in situ conservation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anthropogenic disturbance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hongos micorrízicos arbusculares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosques urbanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Glomus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Glomeromycotina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conservación in situ]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alteración antropogénica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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