<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442018000401530</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32059</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Toxicity of the feathers of Yellow Grosbeak, Pheucticus chrysopeplus (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), a chemically defended neotropical bird]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Toxicidad de las plumas del Picogrueso amarillo, Pheucticus chrysopeplus (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), un ave neotropical con defensa química]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andrade-Zuñiga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erick M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ariano-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Departamento de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Ciudad de Guatemala ]]></addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Instituto de Investigaciones Centro de Estudios Ambientales y Biodiversidad]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Southeast Norway Faculty of Technology Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Telemark ]]></addr-line>
<country>Norway</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1530</fpage>
<lpage>1535</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401530&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401530&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401530&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Chemical defense is a widespread mechanism on many animals and plants. However, just a few cases are known for avian species. In this study we evaluate the toxicity of Pheucticus chrysopeplus feather extract via lethality test with brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as an in vivo model. Mortality of A. salina was evaluated after 24 hour exposure to artificial seawater, methanol, and the methanolic feather extract. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in mortality between treatments (X2 = 65.25, P &lt; 0.0001, n = 50). With this we describe P. chrysopeplus as the first known toxic avian species of Guatemala and Central America, raising awareness about its conservation and the identification of the toxic substance present in its feathers. We also highlight the possible mimicry mechanism taking part between P. chrysopeplus and two sympatric oriole species (Icterus pectoralis and I. pustulatus).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La defensa química es un mecanismo que se encuentra presente en varios animales y plantas. Sin embargo, pocos casos son conocidos para especies de aves. En este estudio evaluamos la toxicidad de extractos de plumas de Pheucticus chrysopeplus con un ensayo de letalidad utilizando artemia (Artemia salina) como modelo in vivo. La mortalidad de A. salina se evaluó luego de ser expuesta por 24 horas a agua marina artificial, metanol y extracto metanólico de plumas de P. chrysopeplus. La prueba de Kruskal-Wallis mostró que existe una diferencia significativa entre los porcentajes de mortalidad de los tratamientos evaluados (X2 = 65.25, P &lt; 0.0001, n = 50). Con esto, describimos a P. chrysopeplus como la primera especie de ave tóxica reportada para Guatemala y Centroamérica, resaltando la importancia de su conservación, así como la identificación de la sustancia tóxica presente en sus plumas. También destacamos el posible mecanismo de mimetismo que podría estar ocurriendo entre P. Chrysopeplus y dos especies simpátricas de orioles (Icterus pectoralis e I. pustulatus).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[toxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lethality test]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aposematism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mimicry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[brine shrimp]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[yellow grosbeak]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guatemala]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[toxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ensayo de letalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[aposematismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mimetismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[artemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[picogrueso amarillo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Guatemala]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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