<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0001-6002</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Médica Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta méd. costarric]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022008000500023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Alcohol y virus de hepatitis B]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Alcohol and Hepatitis B Virus]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo-Cuadra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital México  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>50</volume>
<fpage>62</fpage>
<lpage>63</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000500023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000500023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022008000500023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se ha encontrado una alta incidencia de infección por virus de hepatitis B en alcohólicos. Existe evidencia de que el virus B en pacientes que ingieren altas dosis de alcohol (más de 60 gr/día) acelera el desarrollo de enfermedad hepática crónica y conlleva mayor riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma hepatocelular. El manejo de estos pacientes consiste en la vacunación contra el virus B, y la suspensión de la ingesta de alcohol.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A high incidence rate of hepatitis B virus infection in alcoholics has been found. Evidence shows that HBV in patients that drink high dosages of alcohol (more than 60 gm/day) increases the development of chronic hepatic disease and carries higher risk to develop hepatocellular carcinoma. The management of these patients consists of vaccinating them against HBV and the suspension of alcohol intake]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hepatitis B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alcohol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alcoholismo hepatocarcinoma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hepatitis B]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alcohol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[alcoholism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hepatocarcinoma]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div class="Section1">     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b  style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Alcohol y virus de Hepatitis B</span></b><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b  style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Alcohol and Hepatitis B Virus</span></b><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b><small><b  style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Rodolfo Hidalgo-Cuadra<a href="#afiliacion1">*</a><a name="afiliacion2"></a>+</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>     <br>     <br> </o:p></span></small></div>     <div style="text-align: left;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resumen:</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> Se ha encontrado una alta incidencia de infecci&#243;n por virus de hepatitis B en alcoh&#243;licos. Existe evidencia de que el virus B en pacientes que ingieren altas dosis de alcohol (m&#225;s de 60 <span class="SpellE">gr</span>/d&#237;a) acelera el desarrollo de enfermedad hep&#225;tica cr&#243;nica y conlleva mayor riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma <span class="SpellE">hepatocelular</span>. El manejo de estos pacientes consiste en la vacunaci&#243;n contra el virus B, y la suspensi&#243;n de la ingesta de alcohol. <o:p></o:p></span> </div> </div>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><b  style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"  lang="EN-US">Descriptores</span></b></span><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">:</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> hepatitis B, alcohol, <span class="SpellE">alcoholismo</span> <span  class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Abstract: A high incidence rate of hepatitis B virus infection in alcoholics has been found. Evidence shows that HBV in patients that drink high dosages of alcohol (more than 60 gm/day) increases the development of chronic hepatic disease and carries higher risk to develop <span class="SpellE">hepatocellular</span> carcinoma. The management of these patients consists of vaccinating them against HBV and the suspension of alcohol intake. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Key words:</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> hepatitis B, alcohol, alcoholism, <span class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Incidencia <span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></b>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Existe una mayor frecuencia de infecci&#243;n por virus de hepatitis B en pacientes con enfermedad hep&#225;tica cr&#243;nica por alcohol, donde se ha encontrado que la incidencia ronda el 50% con marcadores serol&#243;gicos para hepatitis B, que muestran tanto la presencia del anticuerpo <span  class="SpellE">anticore</span> (<span class="SpellE">HBcAc</span>) solo, o acompa&#241;ado, del ant&#237;geno de superficie (<span class="SpellE">HBsAg</span>). Se ha propuesto que esta mayor susceptibilidad de infecci&#243;n por virus de hepatitis B, en pacientes que ingieren alcohol, podr&#237;a estar en relaci&#243;n con una mayor expresi&#243;n y replicaci&#243;n en los genes del ADN de los virus de hepatitis B estimulada por el alcohol. Adicionalmente, se ha encontrado que en pacientes con hepatitis cr&#243;nica por virus B, la prevalencia del ant&#237;geno e del virus B, tiende a ser mayor y a decrecer m&#225;s lentamente, en pacientes con una ingesta elevada de alcohol (definida como m&#225;s de <st1:metricconverter  productid="60 gramos" w:st="on">60 gramos</st1:metricconverter> d&#237;a/de alcohol). <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"> </div>     <div>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Riesgo de <span  class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span> <span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En cuanto a la aparici&#243;n de <span class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span>, se ha mencionado que la infecci&#243;n por virus B e ingesta de alcohol, puede modificar el pron&#243;stico en la aparici&#243;n de <span class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span> hasta en un 50%, despu&#233;s de un seguimiento de 10 a&#241;os, comparado a un 20% en los <span class="SpellE">seronegativos</span>. Algunos estudios se contraponen a estos datos, al no haber demostrado mayor incidencia de carcinoma <span class="SpellE">hepatocelular</span> en portadores de hepatitis B que ingieren alcohol. Se ha mencionado un efecto <span class="SpellE">sinerg&#237;stico</span> con el virus de hepatitis C, en pacientes co-infectados con ambos virus, en el desarrollo de <span class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Injuria <span  class="SpellE">hepato</span>-celular <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En pacientes portadores de hepatitis B con ant&#237;geno de superficie positivo, se ha encontrado que la ingesta elevada de alcohol (mayor a <st1:metricconverter  productid="60 gramos" w:st="on">60 gramos</st1:metricconverter> por d&#237;a), est&#225; asociada con mayor actividad <span class="SpellE">necro</span>-inflamatoria en biopsias hep&#225;ticas, as&#237; como alteraciones en las pruebas de funci&#243;n hep&#225;tica y aparici&#243;n de enfermedad hep&#225;tica cr&#243;nica, lo cual se ha propuesto que estar&#237;a mediado por la disminuci&#243;n en la capacidad de defensa del hu&#233;sped y de regeneraci&#243;n hep&#225;tica. Aunque no se ha evidenciado que el virus B incremente la influencia del alcohol en la aparici&#243;n de cirrosis. Se ha encontrado que el alcohol participa en un 5% de las exacerbaciones de hepatitis, en pacientes portadores de hepatitis cr&#243;nica por virus B. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Prevenci&#243;n y manejo <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <div style="text-align: left;"></div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La vacunaci&#243;n contra la hepatitis B, en pacientes alcoh&#243;licos, se ha utilizado para minimizar el da&#241;o <span class="SpellE">hepatocelular</span> y el posible riesgo de <span class="SpellE">hepatocarcinoma</span>. Sin embargo, los estudios han evidenciado que en este tipo de pacientes, la respuesta inmunol&#243;gica es baja, con presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus B en niveles aceptables, de apenas un 50% de pacientes. La suspensi&#243;n en la ingesta de alcohol es fundamental en el manejo de estos pacientes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Lecturas recomendadas <span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></b>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Larkin J, Clayton M, Liu J, <span class="SpellE">Fietelson</span> MA. </span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Chronic ethanol <span class="SpellE">comsuption</span> stimulate hepatitis b virus gene expression and replication in transgenic mice. <span class="SpellE">Hepatology</span> 2001, 34:792-7.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=084633&pid=S0001-6002200800050002300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Nomura H, <span  class="SpellE">Kashiwagi</span> S, Hayashi J, <span class="SpellE">Kajiyama</span> W, <span  class="SpellE">Ikematsu</span> H, Noguchi A et al. <span class="GramE">An epidemiologic study of effects of alcohol in the liver in hepatitis b surface antigen carriers.</span> Am J <span class="SpellE">Epidemiol</span> 1988<span class="GramE">;128:277</span>-84.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=084635&pid=S0001-6002200800050002300002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Yamamaka</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> T, <span class="SpellE">Shiraki</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Nakazawa</span> S. Impact of hepatitis B y C virus infection on the clinical prognosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Anticancer Res 2001<span class="GramE">;21:2937</span>-40.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=084637&pid=S0001-6002200800050002300003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Renard</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> P, <span class="SpellE">Hillon</span> <span class="SpellE">P<span  class="GramE">,Bedenne</span></span> L. Markers of the hepatitis B virus and chronic alcoholism. <span  class="GramE">Prevalence and risk factors.</span> Ann <span class="SpellE">Gastroenterol</span> <span class="SpellE">Hepatol</span> 1991<span class="GramE">;27:7</span>-12.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=084639&pid=S0001-6002200800050002300004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Miyakawa</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> H, Izumi N, <span class="SpellE">Marumo</span> F, Sato C. Roles of alcohol, hepatitis virus infection and gender in the development of <span  class="SpellE">hepatocellular</span> carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Alcohol <span  class="SpellE">Clin</span> Exp Res. 1996; 20:91A-94A.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=084641&pid=S0001-6002200800050002300005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">    <br> <a name="afiliacion1"></a><a href="#afiliacion2">*</a>Gastroenter&#243;logo, Hospital M&#233;xico</span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span  style="" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Larkin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
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<name>
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<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
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<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Chronic ethanol comsuption stimulate hepatitis b virus gene expression and replication in transgenic mice]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hepatology]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
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<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[An epidemiologic study of effects of alcohol in the liver in hepatitis b surface antigen carriers]]></article-title>
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