<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-4582</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Relaciones Internacionales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relac. Int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-4582</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-45822025000200071</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/98-2.4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La colaboración académica, empresarial y estatal en la redefinición del poder global: Un aporte desde el poder inteligente en Estados Unidos, China y Rusia en el contexto de la inteligencia artificial (2015-2025)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The academic, business, and government collaboration in redefining global power: A contribution from smart power in the United States, China, and Russia in the context of artificial intelligence (2015-2025)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[A colaboração acadêmica, empresarial e estatal na redefinição do poder global: uma contribuição a partir do poder inteligente nos Estados Unidos, China e Rússia no contexto da inteligência artificial (2015-2025)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas Ocampo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alfaro Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marly Yisette]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peña Monge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Br. Valeria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Informática y Secretariado Profesional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Relaciones Internacionales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>98</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-45822025000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-45822025000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-45822025000200071&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo analiza cómo la colaboración entre universidades, empresas y Estados ha influido en la proyección del poder global de China, Estados Unidos y Rusia en la inteligencia artificial entre 2015 y 2025. Se examina cómo estos actores han construido estrategias de poder inteligente que combinan dimensiones duras y blandas para posicionarse como líderes. Los objetivos fueron: (1) identificar la evolución del interés por la IA en los tres países, (2) establecer hitos normativos e institucionales en la colaboración entre academia, empresa y Estado, y (3) analizar la incidencia del conocimiento generado en universidades en la proyección del poder blando de cada nación. La metodología incluyó análisis documental, crítico del discurso y comparación de marcos normativos en cada país. Los resultados muestran que EE. UU. promueve un modelo de innovación flexible, China impulsa una estrategia de soberanía tecnológica centralizada y Rusia consolida capacidades en seguridad y defensa. La IA se configura como recurso clave en la competencia geopolítica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article analyzes how collaboration between universities, businesses, and states has influenced the projection of global power in China, the United States, and Russia in artificial intelligence (AI) between 2015 and 2025. It examines how these actors have built smart power strategies that combine hard and soft dimensions to position themselves as leaders. The objectives were: (1) to identify the evolution of interest in AI in the three countries, (2) to establish regulatory and institutional milestones in academia-industry-government collaboration, and (3) to analyze the impact of university-generated knowledge on each nation&#8217;s soft power. The methodology included documentary analysis, critical discourse analysis, and comparison of regulatory frameworks. The results show that the U.S. promotes a flexible innovation model, China drives a centralized technological sovereignty strategy, and Russia consolidates capacities in security and defense. AI emerges as a key resource in geopolitical competition.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo analisa como a colaboração entre universidades, empresas e o Estado influenciou a projeção do poder global da China, dos Estados Unidos e da Rússia na inteligência artificial (IA) entre 2015 e 2025. Examina-se como esses atores construíram estratégias de poder inteligente que combinam dimensões duras e brandas para se posicionarem como líderes. Os objetivos foram: (1) identificar a evolução do interesse pela IA nos três países, (2) estabelecer marcos normativos e institucionais na colaboração entre academia, empresas e Estado, e (3) analisar o impacto do conhecimento gerado pelas universidades na projeção do poder brando de cada nação. A metodologia incluiu análise documental, análise crítica do discurso e comparação de marcos regulatórios. Os resultados mostram que os EUA promovem um modelo de inovação flexível, a China impulsiona uma estratégia centralizada de soberania tecnológica e a Rússia consolida capacidades em segurança e defesa. A IA configura-se como recurso-chave na competição geopolítica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[inteligencia artificial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[innovación tecnológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geopolítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[universidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[poder internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[artificial intelligence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technological innovation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geopolitics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[university]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inteligência artificial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[inovação tecnológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[geopolítica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[universidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[poder internacional]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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