<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-4582</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Relaciones Internacionales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relac. Int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-4582</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-45822022000200106</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ri.95/2.5</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Organizaciones Criminales y Gobernanza Híbrida en Sudamérica: el Contexto de la COVID-19]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Organizações Criminosas e Governança Híbrida na América do Sul: o contexto da COVID-19]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Criminal Organizations and Hybrid Governance in South America: The COVID-19 scenario]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcos Alan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal da Paraíba Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales. ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>95</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>106</fpage>
<lpage>127</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-45822022000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-45822022000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-45822022000200106&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN Este ensayo analiza cómo las organizaciones criminales en América del Sur se han reconfigurado frente al escenario de pandemia vivido desde finales de 2019. En particular, examina cómo las prácticas y acciones realizadas por estas asociaciones se llevaron adelante en la pandemia, manteniendo o; incluso, dando fuerza a la influencia del crimen en la vida de la sociedad sudamericana. Se argumenta que para entender la gobernanza criminal es fundamental considerar la discusión de cómo los territorios en los que operan estas organizaciones no están en conflicto con el Estado, sino que existe una gobernanza híbrida en la que conviven las organizaciones criminales y el Estado como dos fuentes de legitimidad y autoridad. Hay una complementariedad de acciones, en las que se vieron organizaciones criminales durante la pandemia ocupando funciones del Estado para adopción de medidas de protección, prestación de asistencia, pero siempre con un claro objetivo de mantener el statu quo de sus actividades ilícitas. Al final, se advierte que las organizaciones criminales se han consolidado como un espacio de gobernanza reconocido como legítimo durante la pandemia, complementando y, quizás incluso, eclipsando el papel de la burocracia estatal ante la gravedad de la emergencia sanitaria vivida, especialmente en los casos de Brasil y Colombia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO O presente ensaio discute como as organizações criminosas na América do Sul se reconfiguraram diante do cenário pandêmico vivenciado desde finais de 2019. Em particular, examina-se como as práticas e ações conduzidas por estas agremiações foram levadas adiante na pandemia, mantendo ou até mesmo dando mais força à influência do crime na vida da sociedade sul-americana. Argumenta-se que para compreender a governança criminal é central considerar a discussão de como os territórios em que estas organizações atuam não são conflitantes com o Estado, mas sim há uma governança híbrida em que coexistem as organizações criminosas e o Estado como duas fontes de legitimidade e autoridade. Há uma complementaridade de ações, na qual se viu durante a pandemia as organizações criminosas ocupando funções do Estado para adoção de medidas protetivas, provisão de assistência, mas sempre com um objetivo claro de manutenção do status quo de suas atividades ilícitas. Ao final, nota-se que as organizações criminosas se consolidaram como espaço de governança reconhecido como legítimo durante a pandemia, complementando e, talvez até, eclipsando o papel da burocracia estatal diante da gravidade da emergência sanitária vivenciada, especialmente nos casos de Brasil e Colômbia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This essay discusses how criminal organizations in South America have reconfigured themselves in the face of the pandemic scenario experienced since late 2019. In particular, it examines how the practices and actions carried out by these associations were carried forward in the pandemic, maintaining or even giving force the influence of crime on the life of South American society. It is argued that in order to understand criminal governance, it is essential to consider the discussion of how the territories in which these organizations operate are not in conflict with the state, but rather there is a hybrid governance in which criminal organizations and the state coexist as two sources of legitimacy and authority. There is a complementarity of actions, in which criminal organizations were seen during the pandemic occupying state functions in the adoption of protective measures, and provision of assistance, but always with a clear objective of maintaining the status quo of their illicit activities. In the end, it is clear that criminal organizations have consolidated themselves as a governance space recognized as legitimate during the pandemic, complementing and, perhaps even, eclipsing the role of state bureaucracy in the face of the seriousness of the health emergency experienced, especially in the cases of Brazil and Colombia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América do Sul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Colômbia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Governança híbrida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Organizações Criminosas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Pandemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América del Sur]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Brasil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gobernanza híbrida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[organizaciones criminales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pandemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Brazil]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Colombia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[criminal organizations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hybrid governance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pandemic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[South America]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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