<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-4582</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Relaciones Internacionales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relac. Int.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-4582</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional ]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-45822021000200013</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ri.94/2.1</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estados independientes: una perspectiva desde Relaciones Internacionales]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Independent States: A Perspective from International Relations]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo Zamora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>94</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>13</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-45822021000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-45822021000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-45822021000200013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento. Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final, se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basis for understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central American experience, which shows particularities since the 19th century.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autodeterminación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[independencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reconocimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[responsabilidad de proteger]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[soberanía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[states]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[independence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[recognition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[responsibility to protect]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[self-determination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sovereign]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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