<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-454X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Espiga]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Espiga]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-454X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-454X2025000100130</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/re.v24i49.5778</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Qué significa la celebración de los 250 años de Independencia de Estados Unidos para un país cada vez más «moreneado  »?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[What Does the 250th Anniversary of the Independence Mean to a 'Browner' America?]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Que signifie la célébration des 250 ans d&#8217;indépendance des États-Unis pour un pays de plus en plus « foncé »?]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mimi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Carthage College  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Estados Unidos de América</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>49</numero>
<fpage>130</fpage>
<lpage>161</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-454X2025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-454X2025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-454X2025000100130&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El discurso de Frederick Douglass de 1852, What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July (¿Qué es el 4 de julio para los esclavos?), llamó la atención de manera conmovedora por la población afrodescendiente que todavía era esclava mientras la República celebraba la libertad y la independencia en su 76 aniversario con alegría. Haciendo eco de Douglass, este ensayo2 explora el significado del 250 aniversario de la Independencia de Estados Unidos de América, un país que actualmente se encuentra profundamente fracturado y dividido, y se centra en la «gama de colores» tanto histórica como actual. Asimismo, a través de un examen profundo de la historia y la historia cultural, representada por la diversidad étnica que conforma la sociedad, se abre el espacio para el análisis y los argumentos relacionados con la formación del carácter nacional, el cultivo de la identidad cultural y la definición de americanismo. Este ensayo aborda el núcleo de la blancura en relación con la negritud (afroamericanos) y la existencia de otros grupos «de color» para desentrañar un tema controversial y culturalmente cargado de relaciones raciales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Frederick Douglass&#8217; 1852 address &#8220;What to the Slave is the Fourth of July&#8221; poignantly called attention to the Black people who were still unfree slaves when the Republic joyfully celebrated freedom and independence on its 76th anniversary. Echoing Douglass, this paper searches for the meaning of the 250th anniversary in a deeply fractured and divided America by focusing on the historical and current &#8216;color scheme.&#8217; An in-depth examination of America&#8217;s history and cultural history, represented by the paradigms White, Black, Brown, Yellow, and Browner opens space for analysis and arguments on the formation of national character, the cultivation of cultural identity, and the definition of Americanism. This essay tackles the core of Whiteness in relation to Blackness (African Americans), Brownness (Native Americans), and Yellowness (Chinese/Asian Americans) to unpack a heated and culturally charged topic of race relations and capture the significance of the &#8216;Browner&#8217; in &#8216;Browner America&#8217; in anticipation of the 250th anniversary.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé Le discours de Frederick Douglass prononcé en 1852, What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July (Que représente le 4 juillet pour l&#8217;esclave américain ?), soulignait de manière poignante le contraste entre la population afrodescendante toujours réduite en esclavage et la République qui célébrait, avec allégresse, la liberté et l&#8217;indépendance à l&#8217;occasion de son 76&#7497; anniversaire. Faisant écho à Douglass, cet essai explore la signification du 250&#7497; anniversaire de l&#8217;indépendance des États-Unis d&#8217;Amérique, un pays aujourd&#8217;hui profondément fracturé et divisé, en mettant l&#8217;accent sur la « gamme chromatique » tant historique qu&#8217;actuelle. À travers une analyse approfondie de l&#8217;histoire et de l&#8217;histoire culturelle &#8211;représentées par la diversité ethnique qui compose la société&#8211; cet essai ouvre un espace d&#8217;analyse et de réflexion autour de la formation du caractère national, du développement de l&#8217;identité culturelle et de la définition de l&#8217;américanité. Ce travail aborde le c&#339;ur de la blanchité en relation avec la négritude (afro-américains) ainsi que la présence d&#8217;autres groupes « de couleur », afin de démêler un sujet controversé, chargé sur le plan culturel et centré sur les relations raciales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estados Unidos «moreno»]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[la agenda blanca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[blanqueamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relaciones raciales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[250 aniversario de la Independencia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[WASP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[«color» estadounidense]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[«browner» America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[the White Agenda]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Whitening]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[race relations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[250th anniversary of Independence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[WASP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[American «color»]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[États-Unis « foncé »]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[agenda blanc]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[blanchiment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[relations raciales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[250&#7497; anniversaire de l&#8217;indépendance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[WASP]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[« couleur » américaine]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agag]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hanan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brooks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rachel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Beth]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sawyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[ILR Skill Level Descriptions for Proficiency Revisions]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spanish: The Foreign National Language]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Profession]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ancelet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A Perspective on Teaching the &#8216;Problem Language&#8217; in Louisiana]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The French Review]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andouard-Labarthe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Vicissitudes of Aztlán]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Confluencia]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anzaldúa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baer-Wallis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Freiderike]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[They Speak Irish but Should Speak German: Language and Citizenship in Philadelphia&#8217;s German Community, c. 1800 to 1820]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jessica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Migration Policy Institute]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casielles-Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eugenia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spanglish: The Hybrid Voice of Latinos in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atlantis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tiffany]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spanish Not Spoken Here: Accounting for the Racialization of the Spanish Language in the Experiences of Mexican Migrants in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ethnicities]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esplin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlene]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Self-Translation and Accommodation: Strategies of Multilingualism in Gloria Anzaldúa&#8217;s Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza and Margarita Cota-Cárdenas&#8217;s &#8216;Puppet&#8217;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MELUS]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Estaville]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Louisiana French Language in the Nineteenth Century]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Southeastern Geographer]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fouka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Vasiliki]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Backlash: The Unintended Effects of Language Prohibition in U.S. Schools after World War I]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Review of Economic Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gruesz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Alien Speech, Incorporated: On the Cultural History of Spanish in the US]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Literary History]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huntington]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Who Are We? The Challenges to America&#8217;s National Identity]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krogstad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jens]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pew Research Center]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lamar Prieto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Covadonga]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The (Pre)History of Literary &#8216;Spanglish&#8217;: Testimonies of the Californio Dialect]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hispania]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikkelson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[David]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Theodore Roosevelt on Immigration]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noriega-Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[United Farm Workers]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ontiveros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randy]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[No Golden Age: Television News and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Poston]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dudley]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sáenz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rogelio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Demographic trends spell the end of the white majority in 2044]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Riegelhaupt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Florencia]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brandt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Nurturing Native Languages]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Canizales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Stephanie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vallejo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JodyAgius]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Latinos &amp; Racism in the Trump Era]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Daedalus]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Library of Congress - Blogs</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The Actual Historical Dates I Rely on]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Train]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Becoming Bilingual, Becoming Ourselves: Archival Memories of Spanglish in Early Californian Epistolary Texts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hispania]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Worcester]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Donald]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Significance of the Spanish Borderlands to the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Western Historical Quarterly]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mimi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The American Dream: Immigration and Formation of Cultural Identity in the United States/El Sueño Americano: Inmigración y la Formación de la Identidad Cultural en los Estados Unidos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diálogos: A Historical, Social, and Cultural Studies Journal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mimi]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tracing the Roots of Anti-Chinese Sentiments in US History]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[intechopen]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mimi]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thompson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wayne]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Setting the Record Straight]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
