<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-454X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Espiga]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Espiga]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-454X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-454X2023000100039</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22458/re.v22i45.4612</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El escape de la libertad, de Erich Fromm: 80 años de advertencia sobre la amenaza autoritaria]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Erich Fromm's Escape from Freedom: 80 Years of Warning About the Authoritarian Threat]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[La fuite de la liberté d'Erich Fromm: 80 ans d'avertissement sur la menace autoritaire]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orellana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>El Salvador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>45</numero>
<fpage>39</fpage>
<lpage>51</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-454X2023000100039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-454X2023000100039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-454X2023000100039&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En este ensayo se reflexiona sobre el autoritarismo contemporáneo, a propósito de los 80 años del libro clásico: El miedo de la libertad1, de Erich Fromm. Se argumenta que el mensaje principal del texto mantiene su vigencia al advertir sobre los riesgos que se ciernen sobre la democracia ante la llegada de un líder autoritario al cual las masas se someten en busca de resguardo y sentido, en el que el caso salvadoreño sirve para ilustrar la sumisión a líderes populistas en Centroamérica. Mientras la dignidad de las personas no sea colocada en el centro de las preocupaciones políticas, el riesgo de persistir en la idea de escapar de la libertad a través del autoritarismo será siempre una posibilidad latente.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This essay reflects on contemporary authoritarianism, regarding the 80 years of the classic book: The fear of freedom, by Erich Fromm. It is argued that the main message of the text maintains its validity by warning about the risks that hang over democracy before the arrival of an authoritarian leader to whom the masses submit in search of protection and meaning, in which the Salvadoran case serves to illustrate submission to populist leaders in Central America. As long as people's dignity is not placed at the center of political concerns, the risk of persisting in the idea of escaping from freedom through authoritarianism will always be a latent possibility.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Résumé Cet essai réfléchi sur l'autoritarisme contemporain concernant les années 80 du célèbre livre: La peur de la liberté d'Erich Fromm. Cet article argumente que le message principal du texte maintient sa validité qui prévient sur les risques qui pèsent sur la démocratie face à l'arrivée d'un leader autoritaire. Alors les masses se sont soumises devant ce leader autoritaire en cherchant protection et sens, ce qui dans le cas salvadorien sert à illustrer la soumission aux leaders populistes de l'Amérique Centrale. Tant que la dignité des personnes n'est pas placée dans le centre des préoccupations politiques, le risque de persister dans l'idée d'échapper de la liberté à travers de l'autoritarisme sera toujours une possibilité latente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Autoritarismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[El Salvador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[humanismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[libertad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[populismo.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[authoritarianism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[El Salvador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humanism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[freedom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[populism.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Autoritarisme]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Le Salvador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[humanisme]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[liberté]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[populisme]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarenga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cultura y ética de la violencia. El Salvador 1880-1932]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Salvador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CONCULTURA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caetano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las izquierdas y la &#8220;confusión democrática]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nueva Sociedad]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>281</numero>
<issue>281</issue>
<page-range>104-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaguaceda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Armando]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ysrrael]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camero]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Populismos de derecha y desdemocratización]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La derecha como autoritarismo en el siglo XXI, coordinado por Armando Chaguaceda y Luis Duno-Gottberg]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>63-78</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires, México y Houston ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Cadal, Centro de Estudios Constitucionales Iberoamericanos AC y Rice University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Conway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[III]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gideon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shannon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Houck]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gornick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Laura Janelle]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meredith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Repke]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political Psychology 5]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Finding the Loch Ness monster: Left&#8208;wing authoritarianism in the United States]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>39</numero>
<issue>39</issue>
<page-range>1049-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macías]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Córdova]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elizabeth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Zechmeister]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cultura política de la democracia en El Salvador y en las Américas, 2016/17: Un estudio comparado sobre democracia y gobernabilidad]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jeannette Aguilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuliana Vorobyeva]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legitimidad y confianza pública de la policía en El Salvador]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Salvador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[KG-LACC , FIU &amp; IUDOP]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duckitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[American Psychologist 10]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Psychology and prejudice: A historical analysis and integrative framework]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fromm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erich]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El miedo a la libertad]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidos Studio , 1941/1984]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fromm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erich]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El arte de amar]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Paidós , 1956/2015]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fromm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Erich]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[¿Tener o ser? (18a Reimp.)]]></source>
<year></year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957/2004]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Fundaungo</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Salvadoreños prefieren la democracia como forma de gobierno (presentación de los principales resultados del Estudio 2021 del Barómetro de las Américas en El Salvador)]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hartman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Todd K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stocks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ryan]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jilly]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibson-Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liat Levita]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anton P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mason]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Liam]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McBride]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Orla]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jamie]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shevlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mark]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bennett]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kate M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hyland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Philip]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Karatzias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thanos]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vallières]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frédérique]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bentall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Richard P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Authoritarian Dynamic during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on nationalism and anti-immigrant sentiment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Social Psychological and Personality Science 7]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1274-85</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública (IUDOP)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Los capitalinos opinan sobre la elección para la alcaldía del municipio de San Salvador]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública (IUDOP)</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Boletín de prensa, n.° 2 (2022)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La población salvadoreña opina sobre el régimen de excepción decretado en el país]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<collab>Latinobarómetro</collab>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Adiós a Macondo]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Informe 2021]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moghaddam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fathali M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Threat to democracy: The appeal of authoritarianism in an age of uncertainty]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, D.C. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[APA Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alessandro]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[West European Politics 7]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ferran Martínez i]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The personality of populists: provocateurs, charismatic leaders, or drunken dinner guests?]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>42</numero>
<issue>42</issue>
<page-range>1337-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nazifa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alizada]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cole]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gastaldi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grahn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hellmeier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastian]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kolvani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Palina]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lachapelle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jean]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luhrmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anna]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seraphine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maerz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shreeya Pillai]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[I. Lindberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Staffan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orellana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Iván]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>32</numero>
<issue>32</issue>
<page-range>105-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todorov]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tzvetan]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los enemigos íntimos de la democracia]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Barcelona ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Galaxia Gutenberg-Círculo de lectores]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turcios]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Autoritarismo y modernización. El Salvador 1950-1960]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<edition>2</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Salvador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CONCULTURA]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Walter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Knut]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[La muerte violenta como realidad cotidiana. El Salvador 1912-2016]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Salvador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[AccesArte]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
