<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-4175</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-4175</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-41752022000100163</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/aeca.v48i00.55415</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Las élites empresariales en Panamá: redes, contribuciones electorales y puertas giratorias Business Elites in Panama: Networks, Electoral Contributions, and Revolving Doors]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robles-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universitat de València  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>48</volume>
<fpage>163</fpage>
<lpage>190</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-41752022000100163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-41752022000100163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-41752022000100163&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Panamá es un caso particular en el que conviven fuertes y consolidadas instituciones reguladoras y democráticas, pero una alta captura del Estado. Para comprender este caso, este artículo analiza las fuentes de poder de las élites: control de ingresos, cohesión empresarial, contribuciones a campañas electorales y puertas giratorias. Los resultados muestran que en Panamá hay una concentración de ingresos muy alta junto a una baja progresividad fiscal, cohesión de un pequeño conjunto de grupos económicos familiares, contribuciones coordinadas a un candidato presidencial y nombramientos de empresarios para puestos estratégicos del gobierno.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Panama is a particular case in which strong and consolidated regulatory and democratic institutions coexist along with high corruption and state capture. To understand this case, this article analyzes elite&#8217;s sources of power: income control, business cohesion, contributions to electoral campaigns and revolving doors. The results show that in Panama there is a very high income concentration together with low fiscal progressivity, cohesion of a small set of family business groups, coordinated contributions to a presidential candidate and appointments of businesspeople to strategic government positions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[élites económicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[corrupción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[relaciones empresariales-estatales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de redes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desigualdad.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic elites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[corruption]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[business-state relations]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[network analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inequality.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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