<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-4175</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-4175</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-41752021000200061</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/aeca.v47i0.49830</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Canales, Balcanes y volcanes: 200 años de rivalidades geopolíticas en torno al río San Juan]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Canals, Balkans and Volcanoes: 200 Years of Geopolitical Rivalries over the San Juan River between Costa Rica and Nicaragua]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girot Pignot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pascal O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<fpage>61</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-41752021000200061&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-41752021000200061&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-41752021000200061&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este artículo identifica tres factores estructurantes del territorio transfronterizo conformado por la cuenca baja del río San Juan: 1) la formación del Estado nacional y la diferenciación territorial, 2) la influencia de ambiciones imperiales vinculadas al imperativo transístmico y 3) las relaciones de vecindad, integración y de conflicto y cooperación entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua. Se propone la permanencia del río San Juan como una constante en las relaciones interestatales entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Al ser una cuenca transfronteriza, se confiere al río San Juan una relevancia histórica, no solo como soporte parcial de un trazado limítrofe, sino también como unidad geomorfológica funcional y como zona de confluencia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article identifies three structuring factors of this transboundary territory formed by the lower basin of the San Juan River: 1) the formation of the national State and territorial differentiation, 2) the influence of imperial ambitions linked to the transisthmian imperative, and 3) the relations of neighborhood, integration, and conflict and cooperation between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The article proposes that the permanence of the San Juan River as a constant in interstate relations between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. As a transboundary basin, the San Juan River is given historical relevance, not only as a partial support of a boundary, but also as a functional geomorphological unit, as a confluence zone between two national jurisdictions and as a lasting object of geopolitical rivalries over the past 200 years.]]></p></abstract>
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<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frontera]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geografía política]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nicaragua]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[boundaries]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political geography]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nation State]]></kwd>
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