<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3896</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencias Ambientales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciencias Ambientales]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3896</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-38962020000200147</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/rca.54-2.8</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evaluation of the Paraguayan System of Protected Areas After 24 Years of Its Implementation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Una evaluación de los 24 años de implementación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Paraguay]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cartes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yanosk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Alberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asunción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Asunción  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Asunción ]]></addr-line>
<country>Paraguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>164</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-38962020000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-38962020000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-38962020000200147&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The National System of Wild Protected Areas of Paraguay (SINASIP) was created by Law No. 352 in 1994 to reorganize the country's protected areas. Since 1954, a total of 102 protected areas have been created. The category with the greatest quantity of these areas is &#8220;nature reserve,&#8221; which quadruples the number of national parks and natural monuments. The measurement of SINASIP&#8217;s success was initially presented in a simplistic way, based on periods of surface expansion, including the objectionable biosphere reserves. This study evaluated the SINASIP in relation to the national coverage, the management categories, and the simple analysis of the implementation level. The legal bodies of creation, modification, or derogation of each protected area were analyzed. The patterns found in relation to the increase or decrease in the surface area of the system and its causes were discussed, and strong deficiencies were found in the creation process. The decrease in terms of the system's surface area is associated with a lack of adequate management, political causes, and land claims. A tendency to change areas from strict conservation categories to less restrictive ones was revealed, involving some 420 326 hectares. The average level of implementation in terms of the five criteria does not reach 50 %. There are at least 13 wild protected areas and two categories without implementation; a further five other categories have less than 30% of implementation. Urgent attention and adequate administration are required, especially in terms of restructuring and implementing successful models with multisectoral and participatory management.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El sistema de Áreas Protegidas del Paraguay fue creado por la Ley 352 en 1994 para poner orden el sistema del país. Desde 1954 se crearon un total de 102 áreas protegidas. La categoría con mayor cantidad es la &#8220;Reserva Natural&#8221; que cuadruplica a los Parques Nacionales y Monumentos Naturales. La medición del éxito del SINASIP fue presentada históricamente de una forma simplista, en base a los periodos de expansión en superficie. Este estudio evaluó la cobertura nacional del SINASIP de áreas protegidas, las categorías de manejo y un análisis simple de nivel de implementación. Se analizaron los órganos legales de creación, modificación o de derogación de cada área protegida, como también los patrones encontrados en relación con crecimiento o decrecimiento del sistema en superficie y sus causas. Los resultados señalan fuertes deficiencias en el proceso de creación. Se identificaron problemas traducidos en pérdidas de superficies de área protegida, reducción de categoría de manejo y la pérdida de diez áreas protegidas. Las mayores causas del decrecimiento del sistema en términos de superficie están asociadas a la falta de una gestión adecuada, causas políticas y reclamos de tierras. Existe una preocupante tendencia de cambiar áreas de categorías de conservación estricta a categorías de menor restricción alcanzando las 420 326 hectáreas. El nivel promedio de implementación en relación con los 5 criterios no llega al 50 %. Existen al menos 13 ASP y dos categorías sin implementación. Estos problemas requieren de una urgente atención y de una adecuada reestructuración de índole administrativa.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biosphere Reserve]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Category]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Governance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Management of conservation unit]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Categorías]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Gobernanza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Manejo de Unidades de Conservación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Reserva de Biósfera]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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