<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3896</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencias Ambientales]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciencias Ambientales]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3896</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-38962019000100125</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/rca.53-1.7</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Identificación molecular y características fisiológicas de aislamientos de Trichoderma para el biocontrol de dos patógenos en la piña]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Molecular Identification and Physiological Characteristics of Trichoderma Isolates for the Biocontrol of Two Pathogens in Pineapple]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umaña-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josué]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orozco-Cayasso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Steffany]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Umaña-Castro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rodolfo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Bravo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ramón]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Análisis Genómico]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional (UNA) Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>125</fpage>
<lpage>142</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-38962019000100125&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-38962019000100125&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-38962019000100125&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La contaminación ambiental por uso excesivo de agroquímicos ha dado lugar a la búsqueda de alternativas en la agricultura. Por esta razón, ha surgido el uso de agentes biológicos como alternativa para el combate de patógenos. Trichoderma es un agente biológico ampliamente utilizado, pero es difícil identificarlo a nivel de especie por sus características morfológicas. Además, Trichoderma forma complejos de especies, por lo que aumenta la importancia de ser correctamente identificado. Los productos biológicos también requieren ser fáciles de reproducir in vitro, generar conidios con alto porcentaje de germinación y demostrar actividad antagónica a un agente causante blanco. En este estudio, el objetivo fue determinar si las relaciones genéticas de 15 aislamientos de Trichoderma se asocian a 3 características deseables en productos de control biológico. Se analizaron 15 aislamientos monospóricos de Trichoderma nativos de la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica con efecto antagónico contra patógenos de la piña. Se midió la velocidad de crecimiento y el porcentaje de germinación. La velocidad de crecimiento promedio de los aislamientos a 25 ºC varió desde 0.90 a 1.20 mm · h-1 y el porcentaje de germinación entre 3 y 94 %. Para identificar las especies de este estudio, se secuenció el gen del factor de elongación de la traducción, TEF1-&#945; y se identificaron 4 especies: T. reesei, T. spirale, T. asperellum/asperelloides y T. koningiopsis. Las distancias genéticas entre las especies se midieron aplicando 6 intermicrosatélites (ISSR). Las distancias genéticas mostraron una alta diversidad inter e intraespecífica. En condiciones controladas de laboratorio, el aislamiento 8a (T. reesei) mostró mayor efecto antagónico contra dos patógenos de la piña donde Fusarium oxysporum tuvo un crecimiento de 30 % y Pectobacterium carotovorum un 63 % en presencia de Trichoderma. Un test de Mantel determinó que no hay correlación entre las distancias genéticas y las distancias euclidianas de los parámetros de crecimiento ni con la respuesta de antagonismo. Se concluyó que estas características no son especies dependientes; sin embargo, los aislamientos mostraron alta diversidad dentro de un área geográfica poco amplia con características de interés biocontrolador.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Environmental pollution associated with the excessive use of pesticides has prompted the need for alternative practices in agriculture, such as the application of biological agents for controlling plant pathogens. Trichoderma is an agent that is amply used for biocontrol, however the fungus is difficult to identify at the species level strictly by morphological examination. Additionally, the genus forms species complexes, which can make species identification much more challenging. Effective biocontrol products have to be easily reproducible in vitro, generate conidia with high germination rates, and demonstrate effective antagonistic activity against a target pathogen. The objective of this study was to determine if these desirable biocontrol traits are correlated with the genetic relationships of 15 Trichoderma isolates. We analyzed 15 monosporic Trichoderma isolates native to the northern region of Costa Rica with known antagonistic activity against pathogens associated to pineapple. We measured growth rate and germination percentage. Mean growth rates varied from 0.90 to 1.20 mm · h-1 at 25 ºC. Germination percentage varied greatly from 3 % to 94 %. Species were identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor, TEF1-&#945;, gene and four species were identified: T. reesei, T. spirale, T. asperellum/asperelloides and T. koningiopsis. Genetic distances within and among species were measured using six intermicrosatellites (ISSR). These distances showed high inter and intraspecific diversity. Under a control lab environment, isolate 8a (T. reesei) showed the largest antagonistic effect against two pineapple pathogens, where there was a 30 % growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum and a 63 % growth inhibition of Pectobacterium carotovorum. A Mantel test showed there was no correlation between genetic distances and Euclidean values for growth parameters and antagonistic response. We concluded that these traits were not species-dependent, however, these isolates had high genetic diversity in a small, narrow geographical area with important biocontrol traits of interest.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Combate biológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Fusarium oxysporum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[intermicrosatélites, Pectobacterium carotovorum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[TEF1-&#945;]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biological control]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Fusarium oxysporum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[intermicrosatélites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pectobacterium carotovorum]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TEF1-&#945;]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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