<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702025000100198</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.39-1.11</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cephaeline and emetine production and antimicrobial activity of the Ipecac root via optimized maturity-based harvesting and processing]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Producción de Cephaelina y Emetina y actividad antimicrobiana de la raíz de Ipecacuana mediante una cosecha y procesamiento optimizados según la Madurez]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Produção de cefalina e emetina e atividade antimicrobiana da raiz de ipecacuanha por meio de colheita e processamento otimizados de acordo com a maturidade]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Víquez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Syedd-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Randall]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorengeth Abad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez-Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez-Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pablo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Valverde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Víctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Chemistry Phytochemistry Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Chemistry Laboratory for Biorefinary Research]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Biological Sciences Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Chemistry Phytochemistry Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Chemistry Phytochemistry Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Department of Chemistry Phytochemistry Laboratory]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>198</fpage>
<lpage>209</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702025000100198&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702025000100198&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702025000100198&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  (Objective)  This study aimed to determine whether there is an optimal harvest time for cephaeline, emetine, and total alkaloids in Ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha  (Brot.)  L. Andersson) production. In addition, the relationship between antibiotic activity and harvest time was tested. Ipeca is an herb with medicinal properties that is grown in northern Costa Rica. The root of this plant is valued based on its alkaloid concentration, which underlies its numerous biological activities.  (Methodology)  Two Ipecac fields from northern Costa Rican producers were sampled every ~2 months for one year. Samples were dried (via sun and oven), ground, extracted, and analyzed using HPLC and titration to evaluate the alkaloid concentration. Antimicrobial activity was also determined using the Kirby-Bauer test. (Results) Main findings revealed that there is no significant difference between oven-dried and sun-dried samples. In addition, there is an increase in total alkaloid production in roots during the first 16 months, as well as a variation in alkaloid composition: the cephaeline/ emetine ratio increases after 16 months.  (Conclusions)  The highest alkaloid concentration occurs when plants are harvested between 16 and 19 months old. Additionally, the antibiotic activity reaches its maximum at 16 months, and the cephaeline/emetine ratio is two at the same harvest time.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  (Objetivo)  Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si existe un momento óptimo de cosecha para la producción de emetina, cefaelina y alcaloides totales de Ipecacuana (Carapichea ipecacuanha  (Brot.)  L. Andersson). Además, se probó la relación entre la actividad antibiótica y el momento de la cosecha. La Ipecacuana es una hierba con propiedades medicinales, cultivada en el norte de Costa Rica. La raíz de esta planta se valora, según su concentración de alcaloides, de la que derivan sus numerosas actividades biológicas.  (Metodología)  Se muestrearon dos campos de Ipecac de productores del norte de Costa Rica cada 2 meses durante un año. Las muestras se secaron (al sol y en horno), se molieron, se extrajeron y se analizaron mediante HPLC y titulación para evaluar la concentración de alcaloides. También, se determinó la actividad antimicrobiana utilizando la prueba de Kirbi-Bauer.  (Resultados)  Nuestros principales hallazgos revelaron que no hay una diferencia significativa entre las muestras secadas al horno y las secadas al sol. Asimismo, se observa un aumento en la producción total de alcaloides en las raíces hasta los primeros 16 meses. Igualmente, hay una variación en la composición de alcaloides: la relación cefaelina/emetina aumenta después de 16 meses.  (Conclusiones)  La concentración más alta de alcaloides ocurre cuando las plantas se cosechan entre los 16 y 19 meses de edad. Además, la actividad antibiótica es máxima a los 16 meses, y la relación cefaelina/emetina es de 2 en el mismo momento de la cosecha.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo  (Objetivo)  O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se há um momento ideal de colheita para a produção de emetina, cefalina e alcaloides totais da ipeca (Carapichea ipecacuanha  (Brot.)  L.). Andersson). Além disso, foi testada a relação entre a atividade antibiótica e o tempo de colheita. A ipecacuanha é uma erva com propriedades medicinais cultivada no norte da Costa Rica. A raiz dessa planta é valorizada por sua concentração de alcaloides, dos quais derivam suas inúmeras atividades biológicas.  (Metodologia)  Foram amostrados dois campos de Ipeca por produtores no norte da Costa Rica a cada ~2 meses durante um ano. As amostras foram secas (ao sol e no forno), moídas, extraídas e analisadas por HPLC e titulação para avaliar a concentração de alcaloides. Além disso, a atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada usando o teste de Kirbi-Bauer.  (Resultados)  Nossos principais resultados revelaram que não há diferença significativa entre as amostras secas no forno e as secas ao sol. Além disso, observa-se um aumento na produção total de alcaloides nas raízes até os primeiros 16 meses. Há também uma variação na composição de alcaloides: a proporção de cefalina/emetina aumenta após 16 meses.  (Conclusões)  A maior concentração de alcaloides ocorre quando as plantas são colhidas entre 16 e 19 meses de idade. Além disso, a atividade antibiótica é máxima aos 16 meses, e a relação cefalina/emetina é de 2 no momento da colheita.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antibiotic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Carapichea ipecacuanha]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cephaeline]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emetine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ipecac]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Antibiótico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Carapichea ipecacuana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cefaelina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[emetina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ipecacuana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Carapichea ipecac]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ipeca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[emetina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cefalina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[antibiótico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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