<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702024000100607</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.38-1.33</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Potential Pesticide Misuse in Agriculture Farms from Two Costa Rican Provinces]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Posible uso indebido de plaguicidas en explotaciones agrícolas de dos provincias costarricenses]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Possível uso indevido de pesticidas em fazendas em duas províncias da Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Menjivar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Villalobos-Sequeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jenny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Muñóz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco-Peña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kinndle]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Campus Benjamín Nuñez Programa Regional de Posgrado en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Campus Omar Dengo Instituto de Estudios Sociales en Población (IDESPO)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Campus Omar Dengo Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Campus Omar Dengo Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>607</fpage>
<lpage>618</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702024000100607&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702024000100607&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702024000100607&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Pesticide misuse by farmers poses hazards to human, animal, and environmental health. (Objective) This study aimed to document potential pesticide formulation misuse in agricultural farms.  (Methodology)  Inadequate storage practices, incorrect pesticide selection, and pesticide formulation overuse were documented through interviews and photographs on 13 agricultural farms from the Cartago and Guanacaste provinces of Costa Rica between August 2022 and April 2023.  (Results)  Storage room characteristics in many farms do not comply with safety standards prescribed by the Costa Rican Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. Different active ingredients with herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and bactericidal properties are used in crop species for which they are not recommended. These substances include those from the carbamate, pyridine, cyclohexanedione, pyrethroid, conazole, benzothiazinone, oxadiazine, and phthalimide chemical groups in Cartago province, and from the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid chemical groups in Guanacaste province. Many pesticide formulations are utilized in quantities exceeding the manufacturers&#8217; recommendations. Among these formulations were bifenthrin, captan, oxamyl, cypermethrin, mancozeb, dimethoate, and deltamethrin in Cartago province, and imidacloprid in Guanacaste province.  (Conclusions)  These substances and their secondary metabolites have the potential to move across different environmental compartments such as water, soil, and air, thereby negatively affecting the health of community members rather than just the farmers applying these formulations. Well-established pesticide education programs based on on-site visits to farmers can enhance awareness about implementing good practices and ensure rational use of these substances, with positive results in non-target organisms such as humans and ecosystem service providers as well as natural and anthropogenic ecosystems.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El uso indebido de plaguicidas en la agricultura supone un peligro para la salud humana, animal y ambiental.  (Objetivo y Metodología)  En fincas agrícolas de las provincias de Cartago y Guanacaste, en Costa Rica, se documentaron, a través de entrevistas y fotografías, prácticas inadecuadas de almacenamiento, selección incorrecta de plaguicidas y uso excesivo de formulaciones plaguicidas.  (Resultados)  Las características de los cuartos de almacenamiento en muchas fincas no siguen las normas de seguridad para estas instalaciones indicadas por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de Costa Rica. Diferentes ingredientes activos con acción herbicida, fungicida, insecticida y bactericida son utilizados en especies de cultivo para las cuales no son recomendados. Entre ellos se encuentran sustancias pertenecientes a los grupos químicos carbamato, piridina, ciclohexanodiona, piretroide, conazol, benzotiazolinona, oxadiazina y ftalimida en la provincia de Cartago; y a los grupos químicos neonicotinoide y piretroide en la provincia de Guanacaste. Muchas formulaciones de plaguicidas se utilizan en cantidades superiores a las recomendadas por sus fabricantes, entre ellas bifentrina, captan, oxamilo, cipermetrina, mancozeb, dimetoato y deltametrina en la provincia de Cartago e imidacloprid en la provincia de Guanacaste.  (Conclusiones)  Estas sustancias y sus metabolitos secundarios tienen el potencial de desplazarse a través de diferentes matrices ambientales, como el agua, el suelo y el aire, y afectar negativamente la salud de miembros de la comunidad y no solo de quienes las aplican. Los programas de educación basados en visitas in situ pueden mejorar la concienciación en la aplicación de buenas prácticas y garantizar un uso racional de estas sustancias, on resultados positivos en organismos no diana como los seres humanos y los entes proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos, así como en los ecosistemas naturales y antropogénicos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O uso indevido de pesticidas na agricultura representa um perigo para a saúde humana, animal e ambiental.  (Objetivo e Metodologia)  Em fazendas agrícolas das províncias de Cartago e Guanacaste, na Costa Rica, foram documentadas, por meio de entrevistas e fotografias, práticas inadequadas de armazenamento, seleção incorreta de agrotóxicos e uso excessivo de formulações de agrotóxicos.  (Resultados)  As características dos armazéns de muitas fazendas não seguem os padrões de segurança para estas instalações indicados pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária da Costa Rica. Diferentes princípios ativos com ação herbicida, fungicida, inseticida e bactericida são utilizados em espécies culturais para as quais não são recomendados. Entre eles estão substâncias pertencentes aos grupos químicos carbamato, piridina, ciclohexanodiona, piretroide, conazol, benzotiazolinona, oxadiazina e ftalimida na província de Cartago; e aos grupos químicos neonicotinoides e piretroides na província de Guanacaste. Muitas formulações de pesticidas são utilizadas em quantidades superiores às recomendadas pelos seus fabricantes, incluindo bifentrina, captan, oxamil, cipermetrina, mancozebe, dimetoato e deltametrina na província de Cartago e imidacloprida na província de Guanacaste.  (Conclusões)  Essas substâncias e seus metabólitos secundários têm o potencial de se mover através de diferentes matrizes ambientais, como água, solo e ar, e afetar negativamente a saúde dos membros da comunidade e não apenas daqueles que as aplicam. Programas de educação baseados em visitas in situ podem melhorar a conscientização na aplicação de boas práticas e garantir o uso racional dessas substâncias, com resultados positivos em organismos não-alvo, como seres humanos e entidades prestadoras de serviços ecossistêmicos, bem como em ecossistemas naturais e antropogênicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pesticide misuse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[storage rooms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[product formulation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[recommended dose]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[food crops]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Uso indebido de plaguicidas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bod s de almacenamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[formulación del producto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[uso recomendado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cultivos alimenticios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Uso indevido de pesticidas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[recomendado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[culturas alimentares. armazéns de estoque]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[formulação de produtos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[uso]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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