<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702022000100280</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.36-1.17</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Análisis de datos de exceso de mortalidad por infecciones y muertes por COVID-19 en Ecuador]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Excess Mortality Data Analysis of COVID-19 Infections and Fatalities in Ecuador]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toulkeridis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Theofilos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz-Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Esteban]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chunga-Moran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jamileth]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Heredia-R]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Debut]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alexis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE  Universidad de Especialidades turísticas UDET, Quito, Ecuador.]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sangolquí ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Américas OneHealth Global Research Group ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guayaquil  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guayaquil ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Centro de Innovación en Tecnología para el Desarrollo Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo, Ecuador.]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sangolquí ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>36</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>280</fpage>
<lpage>289</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100280&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100280&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702022000100280&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La pandemia mundial de COVID-19 ha conmocionado al mundo. Dado que el virus dio lugar a problemas de salud y, a menudo, terminó en muertes, el recuento del contagio y de fallecimientos ha sido un tema abierto. Estas estadísticas son vitales para cada nación e incluso para cada ciudad o distrito y suburbio, ya que estos números deciden el nivel de intervención y la consiguiente reducción de su extensión dada. Los datos mundiales indican una tasa de mortalidad de alrededor del dos por ciento antes de campañas de vacunación exitosas. Sin embargo, los datos estadísticos de Ecuador indican una cantidad anormal de exceso de mortalidad, que oficialmente se niega en cada uno de los países estudiados. Estas cifras se han proyectado mensualmente y superan hasta el 300 % de las muertes oficiales por COVID-19. En particular, en Ecuador la tasa de mortalidad promedio antes y cerca de la pandemia ha sido de alrededor de 6 083,4 ± 234,6, mientras que en el peor mes de la crisis sanitaria, las muertes ascendieron a 21 mil personas, pero solo se reconocieron 1 180 como personas fallecidas por COVID-19 o con este. Las razones son generalizadas, pero se basan en un sector de salud insuficientemente financiado, incompetencia política, falta de liderazgo y una crisis económica de larga duración. Por lo tanto, las terminaciones prematuras de los confinamientos o encierros han contribuido a un contagio acelerado y parecen incluso contrarrestar la fase de vacunación, a mediados de 2021, poco antes de que el exceso de mortalidad cesara por completo.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city or district and suburb as these numbers decide the level of intervention and the subsequent reduction of its given spread. Worldwide data show a mortality rate of around two percent prior to successful vaccination campaigns. However, Ecuador&#8217;s statistical data indicate an abnormal amount of excess mortality, which is officially denied in each of the studied countries. These numbers have been projected on a monthly basis and exceed up to 300% of the official COVID-19 deaths. In particular, the average mortality rate in Ecuador, prior to and close to the pandemic, has been about 6083.4±234.6, while in the worst month during the sanitary crisis, deaths piled up to 21,000 people, and only 1180 were recognized as deceased by COVID-19. The reasons are widespread but based on an insufficient financed health sector, political incompetence, lack of leadership, and a long-lasting economic crisis. Therefore, premature endings of confinements or lockdowns have contributed to an accelerated contagion and seem to even counteract the vaccination phase, in middle 2021, shortly before excess mortality ceased completely.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A pandemia global COVID-19 chocou o mundo. Como o vírus levou a problemas de saúde e, muitas vezes, terminou em mortes, a contagem de infecções e óbitos tem sido um tema aberto. Essas estatísticas são vitais para cada nação e até mesmo para cada cidade ou distrito e subúrbio, pois esses números decidem o nível de intervenção e a consequente redução de sua extensão. Dados globais indicam uma taxa de mortalidade de cerca de 2% antes de campanhas de vacinação bem sucedidas. No entanto, dados estatísticos do Equador indicam uma quantidade anormal de excesso de mortalidade, que é oficialmente negada em cada um dos países estudados. Esses números foram projetados mensalmente e excedem até 300% das mortes oficiais pela COVID-19. Em particular, no Equador, a taxa média de mortalidade antes e perto da pandemia foi de cerca de 6.083,4 ± 234,6, enquanto no pior mês da crise sanitária, as mortes foram de 21.000 pessoas, mas apenas 1.180 foram reconhecidas como pessoas mortas pela COVID-19 ou com ela. As razões são generalizadas, porém se baseiam em um setor de saúde subfinanciado, incompetência política, falta de liderança e uma crise econômica de longa duração. Portanto, os términos prematuros de confinamentos ou fechamentos têm contribuído para o contágio acelerado e até parecem neutralizar a fase de vacinação, em meados de 2021, pouco antes de o excesso de mortalidade cessar completamente.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[excess mortality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[health crisis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[data analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exceso de mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crisis de salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[análisis de los datos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Ecuador]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[mortalidade em excesso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[crise de saúde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[análise de dados]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Equador.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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