<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3470</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Uniciencia]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3470</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34702021000200046</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/ru.35-2.4</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Patógenos bacterianos y su resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los cultivos de tilapia en Guatemala]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance in tilapia culture in Guatemala]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Patógenos bacterianos e sua resistência aos antimicrobianos nos cultivos de tilápia na Guatemala]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josué]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josué]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ulloa-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mendoza-Elvira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Susana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Centro de Estudios del Mar y Acuicultura ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Guatemala</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Estatal a Distancia Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Universidad Nacional]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Heredia ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Estado de México ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>46</fpage>
<lpage>59</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34702021000200046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34702021000200046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34702021000200046&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Este estudio muestra el trabajo realizado durante el año 2018-2019, donde se identificaron los principales patógenos bacterianos que afectan los cultivos de la tilapia en Guatemala, al mismo tiempo se evaluó la resistencia a los antibióticos de mayor uso en la industria acuícola de esta zona. Se recolectaron peces con peso de 50 a 1 000 g, en diversos centros de producción. Por cada organismo se registró la signología macroscópica externa e interna más frecuente, posteriormente se aislaron muestras bacteriológicas de fluido sanguíneo, úlceras y otras áreas hemorrágicas, riñón anterior, bazo, meninges, hígado y corazón. Las bacterias patógenas aisladas fueron identificadas a nivel de especie, a través de pruebas bioquímicas. Finalmente se evaluó la susceptibilidad con los antibióticos: oxitetraciclina (40 µg), florfenicol (40 µg), enrofloxacina (40 µg) y fosfomicina (40 µg) por el método de difusión de disco. Los organismos evidenciaron, en su mayoría, ulceras cutáneas, áreas hiperémicas, melanización corporal, hígado pálido y friable, vasculitis en hígado, congestión y hemorragia intestinal. Se lograron aislar 16 cepas bacterianas patógenas para la tilapia, los géneros más frecuentes fueron: Aeromonas (70 %: 3 spp), seguido por Plesiomonas, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Shewanella y Streptococcus (6 %: 1 sp). Se observó que las cepas bacterianas aisladas mostraron resistencia hacia los antibióticos oxitetraciclina (25 %) y fosfomicina (25 %). Todas las cepas bacterianas aisladas evidenciaron sensibilidad a florfenicol y enrofloxacina. La determinación de los patógenos más frecuentes, así como su resistencia antimicrobiana en la industria acuícola, es el primer reporte que se genera para Guatemala.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the main bacterial pathogens affecting tilapia aquaculture in Guatemala during 2018-2019 and evaluate their resistance to the most widely used antibiotics in the aquaculture industry of the area. Fish weighing between 50 and 1,000 g were collected from different production centers. The most frequent external and internal macroscopic signs were recorded for each organism. In addition, bacteriological samples of blood fluid, ulcers and other hemorrhagic areas, anterior kidney, spleen, meninges, liver, and heart were isolated. The isolated pathogenic bacteria were identified at the species level through biochemical tests. Finally, susceptibility was assessed with the following antibiotics oxytetracycline (40 µg), florfenicol (40 µg), enrofloxacin (40 µg), and fosfomycin (40 µg) by the disk diffusion method. The most common clinical signals were skin ulcers, hyperemic areas, body melanization, pale and soft liver, liver vasculitis, and intestinal congestion and bleeding. A total of 16 pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated from tilapia samples. The most frequent genera were Aeromonas (70%: 3 spp), followed by Plesiomonas, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, and Streptococcus (6%; 1 sp). Isolated bacteria strains showed resistance to oxytetracycline (25%) and fosfomycin (25%) and sensitivity to florfenicol and enrofloxacin. This is the first report related to the most frequent bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance in tilapia culture in Guatemala.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo   Este estudo mostra o trabalho realizado durante os anos 2018 e 2019, em que foram identificados os principais patógenos bacterianos que afetam os cultivos da tilápia na Guatemala e, conjuntamente, avaliada a resistência aos antibióticos mais usados na indústria aquícola desta zona. Foram coletados peixes com peso de 50 a 1000g, em diversos centros de produção. Por cada organismo, houve o registro dos sinais macroscópicos externos e internos mais frequente, posteriormente foram isoladas amostras bacteriológicas de: fluxo sanguíneo, úlceras e outras áreas hemorrágicas, rim anterior, baço, meninges, fígado e coração. As bactérias patógenas isoladas foram identificadas por espécie, através de provas bioquímica. Finalmente, a susceptibilidade foi avaliada com os antibióticos: oxitetraciclina (40 µg), florfenicol (40 µg), enrofloxacino (40 µg) e fosfomicina (40 µg) por meio do método de disco-difusão. Os organismos evidenciaram, em sua maioria, úlceras cutâneas, áreas hiperêmicas, melanização corporal, fígado pálido e friável, vasculites no fígado, congestão e hemorragia intestinal. Foi possível o isolamento de 16 cepas bacterianas patógenas para a tilápia, sendo os gêneros mais frequentes: Aeromonas (70 %: 3 spp.), seguido por Plesiomonas, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Shewanella e Streptococcus (6 %: 1 sp.). Observou-se que as cepas bacterianas isoladas mostraram resistência com relação aos antibióticos oxitetraciclina (25 %) e fosfomicina (25 %). Todas as cepas bacterianas isoladas mostraram sensibilidade ao florfenicol e ao enrofloxacino. A determinação dos patógenos mais frequentes, assim como sua resistência antimicrobiana na indústria aquícola é o primeiro relatório gerado para a Guatemala.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Acuicultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antimicrobiano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bacteria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Oreochromis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Aquaculture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antibiotics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antimicrobial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bacteria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Oreochromis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Aquicultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[antibióticos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[antimicrobiano]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[bactéria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Oreochromis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abdel-Tawwab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sakr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of Green Tea, Camellia sinensis L., in practical diet for growth and protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the World Aquaculture Society]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>203-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aisyhah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. N. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zamri-Saad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siti-Zahrah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shaquinah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from cultured fishes in Malaysia manifesting low resistance pattern towards selected antibiotics.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Fish Diseases]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1093-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akinbowale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal Applied Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>1103-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alderman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Development of draft protocols of standard reference methods for antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing of bacteria associated with fish diseases.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aquaculture]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>196</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>211-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Anshary]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kurniawan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sirwualan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolation and molecular identification of the etiological agents of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net cages in Lake Sentani, Papua, Indonesia.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[SpringerPlus]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>627</numero>
<issue>627</issue>
<page-range>1-11</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ashiru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uaboi-Egbeni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oguntowo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Idika]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Isolation and antibiotic profile of Aeromonas species from Tilapia fish (Tilapia nilotica) and Catfish (Clarias betrachus).]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pakistan Journal Nutrition]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>982-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Austin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Austin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Diseases of Farmed and Wild Fish]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Springer]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antibiotics: their use and abuse in aquaculture.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[WorldAquaculture]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>34-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: A practical identification manual.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[CABI ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Publishing]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chitmanat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whangchai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Promya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lebel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tilapia diseases and management in river-based cage aquaculture in northern Thailand.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of AppliedAquaculture]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>9-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sangsuriya]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jitrakorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saksmerprome]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senapin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodkhum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Naturally concurrent infections of bacterial and viral pathogens in disease outbreaks in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aquaculture]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>448</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>427-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Techatanakitarnan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jindakittikul]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thaiprayoon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Taengphu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Charoensapsri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khunrae]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rattanarojpong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Senapin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aeromonas jandaei and Aeromonas veronii caused disease and mortality in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.).]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Fish Diseases]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>10</numero>
<issue>10</issue>
<page-range>1395-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bermúdez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La acuicultura y su impacto al medio ambiente.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>219-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA) 2015.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[FishStat fishery statistical collections: Aquaculture production]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>2017</numero>
<issue>2017</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. C. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nobrega-Netto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. A. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Streptococcus iniae outbreaks in Brazilian Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L) farms.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brazilian Journal Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>576-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fitzsimmons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The success story of the Tilapia industry; current and future trends of the US seafood market.]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hammer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ryan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PAST, Paleontological statistics version 2.08]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Iregui]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Streptococcosis on a red tilapia, Oreochromis sp., farm: a case study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Fish Diseases]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>247-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Igbinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beshiru]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odjadjare]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ateba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Igbinosa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Pathogenic potentials of Aeromonas species isolated from aquaculture and abattoir environments.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microbial Pathogenesis]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>107</volume>
<page-range>185-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chenia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[haracterization of integrons and tetracycline resistance determinants in Aeromonas spp. isolated from South African aquaculture systems.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Food Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>114</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>295-306</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification and pathogenicity of Aeromonas sobria on tail-rot disease in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Current Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>623-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shollenberger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Survivability and long-term preservation of bacteria in water and in phosphate-buffered saline.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Letters in Applied Microbiology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>45-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marroquín-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación in vitro de extractos de plantas medicinales y probióticos como posibles agentes antimicrobianos para el control de las infecciones bacterianas más comunes en tilapia Oreochromis spp.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala, Dirección General de Investigación]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyburgh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bragg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boucher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lactococcus garvieae: an emerging bacterial pathogen of fish.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diseases of Aquatic Organisms]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<page-range>67-79</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mo.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. O. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of veterinary antibiotics in China´s aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Environmental Science and Pollution Research]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>8978-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gozi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Francisco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moura-Andrade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. C. R.,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tornisielo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Relationship between antibiotic residues and occurrence of resistant bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in cage-farm]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>817-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mzula]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wambura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mdegela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.,]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shirima]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Present status of aquaculture and the challenge of bacterial diseases in freshwater farmed fish in Tanzania; A call for sustainable strategies.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aquaculture and Fisheries (In press)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Noga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fish disease: Diagnosis and treatment.]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Iowa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[John Wiley and Sons]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Código sanitario para los animales acuáticos]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Plumb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hanson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Health Maintenance and Principal Microbial Diseases of Cultured Fishes]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Iowa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Blackwell]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Swaminathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dharmaratnam]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raja]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aeromonas veronii caused bilateral exophthalmia and mass mortality in cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in India.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aquaculture]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>512</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<issue>13</issue>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mwita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hosea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Virulence of Pseudomonas and Aeromonas bacteria recovered from Oreochromis niloticus (Perege) from Mtera hydropower Dam; Tanzania.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Annals of Biological Research]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>5157-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shuxia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Shewanella in a tilapia fish farm.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Fisheries Sciences]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>159-70</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sierralta-Chichizola]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayta-Huatuco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León-Quispe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Primer registro de Plesiomonas shigelloides como patógeno oportunista de tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) en una Piscigranja de Lima, Perú.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>565-72</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stratev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odeyemi.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: A mini-review.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Infection and Public Health]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>535-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhigang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identification and pathological observation of a pathogenic Plesiomonas shigelloides strain isolated from cultured tilapia (Oreocrhomis niloticus)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Microbiologica SINICA]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>96-106</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
