<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3411</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos International Journal of Dental Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3411</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Odontología. Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34112025000200084</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/ijds.2025.64491</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Influence of the cavity-depth/light tip-material distance on the degree of conversion and physical properties of a nanohybrid resin composite employing the incremental technique]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Influencia de la profundidad cavitaria y la consecuente distancia luz/material en el grado de conversión y propiedades físicas de una resina compuesta nanohíbrida usando la técnica incremental]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roque-Trujillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo-Gómez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of El Salvador School of Dentistry Operative Dentistry and Biomaterials Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>El Salvador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica School of Dentistry Dental Materials Research Lab (LIMD)]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>84</fpage>
<lpage>98</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34112025000200084&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34112025000200084&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34112025000200084&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Evaluate the influence of different cavity depth and consequent light-tip/material distance, on the degree of conversion, biaxial flexural strength and microhardness of a nanohybrid resin- composite (top/bottom), employing the incremental technique. Quadrangular samples (4x4mm) with thickness variations (cavity-depth simulation: 2, 4, and 6 mm; n=10) were made using a nanohybrid resin-composite (Forma, A3, Ultradent) employing the incremental technique. Vickers Microhardness and degree of conversion were assessed on top/bottom surfaces. Biaxial flexural strength was tested on resin-composite discs (8.5mm diameter, 2mm thick) using 3D-printed molds (vertically stacked). Microhardness and Degree of conversion data were analyzed employing 2-way/ANOVA, Biaxial flexural strength with 1-way/ANOVA.For microhardness, &#8220;distance&#8221; factor plus &#8220;surface/distance&#8221; interaction resulted statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The 2 mm group, followed by the 4 mm group, showed the highest Results (99.41±52.23 and 84.1±15.74 VHN), while the 6 mm group had the lowest (68.60±18.69 VHN), with lower values observed on the bottom surfaces for the latter group only. Biaxial flexural strength data showed no significant differences among groups. Degree of conversion was significantly higher at the top surfaces compared to the bottom surfaces (top: 47.74±9.67%; bottom: 21.93±8.57%). At 2 and 4 mm distance, polymerization quality remained adequate (top/bottom surfaces). A 6 mm distance produced lower quality polymerization, mainly on the bottom surfaces. In such scenario, an additional photopolymerization cycle may be desirable. The current outcomes may be related only to the conditions (RBC, distances and LCU) employed in this study.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Evaluar la influencia de la profundidad cavitaria/distancia de la luz fotopolimerizante y el material sobre el grado de conversión, resistencia a flexión biaxial y microdureza de una resina nanohíbrida (superficies superior/inferior), mediante técnica incremental. Se fabricaron muestras cuadrangulares (4x4 mm) con variaciones de espesores de 2, 4 y 6 mm (n=10 por medida), simulando la profundidad de una preparación cavitaria, utilizando una resina nanohíbrida (Forma, A3, Ultradent) empleando la técnica incremental. Se evaluó microdureza Vickers y grado de conversión en superficies superior/inferior. La resistencia a la flexión biaxial se probó en discos de resina (8,5 mm diámetro, 2 mm espesor) utilizando moldes impresos 3D (apilados verticalmente). Microdureza y grado de conversión se analizaron empleando ANOVA de 2 vías y resistencia a la flexión biaxial con ANOVA de 1 vía. Para microdureza, el factor &#8220;espesor&#8221; más la interacción &#8220;superficie/espesor&#8221; resultaron estadísticamente significativos (p&lt;0,05). El grupo de 2 mm mostró resultados más altos (99,41±52,23), seguido por 4 mm (84,1±15,74 VHN), mientras que 6 mm tuvo los más bajos (68,60±18,69 VHN), observándose valores más bajos en las superficies inferiores para este último grupo. Resistencia a la flexión biaxial no mostró diferencias significativas entre grupos. El grado de conversión fue significativamente mayor en superficies superiores en comparación con las superficies inferiores (superior: 47,74±9,67 %; inferior: 21,93±8,57 %). Para los grupos de 2 mm/4 mm, la polimerización siguió siendo adecuada (superficies superior/inferior). 6 mm produjo una polimerización de menor calidad, especialmente en superficies inferiores. El grado de conversión fue mayor en superficies superiores para todos los grupos. No se observó impacto significativo en el grado de conversión o resistencia a flexión según la distancia desde la luz fotopolimerizante. Las propiedades físicas y el grado de conversión no fueron proporcionales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cavity depth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nanohybrid composites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Degree of conversion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[FTIR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Microhardness]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biaxial flexural strength]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Physical properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Photopolymerization distance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Profundidad cavitaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resinas compuestas nanohíbridas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Grado de conversión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[FTIR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Microdureza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Resistencia a flexión biaxial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Propiedades fisicas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Distancia de fotopolimerización]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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