<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3411</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos International Journal of Dental Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3411</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Odontología. Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34112021000300155</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/ijds.2021.46128</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Complex social gradient in life expectancy in Costa Rica: an ecological study with 24-Million person-years follow-up]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Complejo gradiente socioeconómico en esperanza de vida en Costa Rica: un estudio ecológico con seguimiento de 24 millones de personas-año]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fantin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Romain]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Delpierre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cyrille]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelly-Irving]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Michelle]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barboza-Solís]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro Centroamericano de Población ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Toulouse ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Toulouse ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Odontología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>155</fpage>
<lpage>167</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34112021000300155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34112021000300155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34112021000300155&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT: The knowledge of Costa Rica's situation regarding the social gradient in mortality is still incomplete. National Electoral Rolls, which included all adult Costa Rican citizens were used. The event was death between 2010 and 2018. The exhaustive final sample included 2,747,616 people for 23,985,602 person-years of follow-up. An ecological study at the electoral district level was performed. A negative social gradient was observed in men and in women, in particular in urban area. A protective effect of rural areas compared to urban areas was revealed in men, but not in women. As a result, in men, the poorest districts of mixed/rural areas had similar life expectancy than the richest districts in urban areas. These results partially contradicted the international literature on socioeconomic inequalities. It demonstrates the importance of studying contexts other than high-income countries to better understand the social inequalities in health worldwide.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN: El conocimiento sobre la distribución del gradiente social de la mortalidad en Costa Rica aún no ha sido totalmente comprendido y nuevos estudios pueden confirmar o refutar lo que anteriormente se ha observado. Se utilizaron las listas electorales nacionales, que incluían a todos los ciudadanos costarricenses adultos. El evento fue la muerte entre 2010 y 2018. Siendo la muestra exhaustiva final de 2.747.616 personas para 23.985.602 personas-año de seguimiento. Se realizó un estudio ecológico a nivel de distrito electoral, para caracterizar la situación socioeconómica de cada uno. Se observó un gradiente social negativo en hombres y mujeres, en particular en el área urbana. Se observó un efecto protector de las áreas rurales en comparación con las áreas urbanas en los hombres, pero no en las mujeres. Como resultado, en los hombres, los distritos más pobres de las áreas mixtas/rurales tenían una esperanza de vida similar a la de los distritos más ricos de las áreas urbanas. Estos resultados contradicen parcialmente la literatura internacional sobre las inequidades socioeconómicas en mortalidad. Demuestra la importancia de estudiar contextos distintos a los de los países de ingresos altos para comprender mejor las desigualdades sociales en salud en todo el mundo.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mortality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Health inequalities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Middle-income country]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inequidades sociales en salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desigualdades sociales en mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Inequidades sociales en mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[País de ingresos medios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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