<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3411</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos International Journal of Dental Sciences]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Odovtos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3411</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Odontología. Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34112020000300093</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/ijds.2020.42532</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Recommendations for a Safer Practice]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Radiología oral y maxillofacial durante la pandemia por Coronavirus 2019: recomendaciones para una práctica más segura]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cascante-Sequeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Deivi]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz-Imbert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Cecilia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haiter-Neto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Campinas Piracicaba Dental School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Costa Rica  Diagnostic Sciences Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Campinas Piracicaba Dental School ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[São Paulo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>93</fpage>
<lpage>102</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34112020000300093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34112020000300093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34112020000300093&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, and registered the first case in Costa Rica on March 6, 2020, and 105 days later reported 2058 cases, with a wide age range (0-92 years). Its etiologic agent is the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 with confirmed human- to-human transmission, mainly by the respiratory route. The presence of asymptomatic carriers of the virus and its transmission even without the manifestation of symptoms challenges health professionals worldwide. For this reason, assuming all patients who need dental care as possible carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 is mandatory and consequently, applying biosecurity measures with strict criteria. In the present literature review, we aim to recommend biosecurity measures to be applied during imaging examinations of dental patients due to the Coronavirus-2019 pandemic. We found that in the absence of treatment for COVID-19 disease and because of its high transmissibility, the most effective measures to prevent its spread are those allowing its containment. Therefore, the authors recommend: 1) acquiring imaging exams just in case of dental urgencies or emergencies, 2) prioritizing the use of extraoral exams, such as panoramic radiography or CBCT, under the principle of ALADAI and 3) the intraoral exams should be used just in case of a lack of extraoral imaging devices, or because of the need to solve diagnostic tasks in which they have a superior diagnostic value than those of the extraoral examinations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La enfermedad Coronavirus 2019, fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud el 11 de marzo de 2020; el primer caso registrado en Costa Rica fue el 6 de marzo de 2020, y 105 días después reportó 2058 casos, con un amplio rango de edad (0-92 años). Su agente etiológico es el beta coronavirus SARS- CoV-2. La transmisión de humano a humano está bien confirmada principalmente por la vía respiratoria. La presencia de portadores asintomáticos del virus y su transmisión, incluso sin la manifestación de síntomas, desafía a los profesionales de la salud. Por esta razón, es obligatorio asumir todos los pacientes que necesitan atención dental como posibles portadores del SARS-CoV-2 y, en consecuencia, aplicar medidas de bioseguridad con criterios estrictos. En la presente revisión de la literatura, nuestro objetivo es recomendar las medidas de bioseguridad que se aplicarán durante los exámenes de imágenes de pacientes dentales debido a la pandemia de Coronavirus-2019. Encontramos que en ausencia de tratamiento para la enfermedad de COVID-19 y debido a su alta transmisibilidad, las medidas más efectivas para prevenir su propagación son aquellas que permitan su contención. Por lo tanto, se recomienda: 1) adquirir exámenes por imágenes solo en caso de urgencias o emergencias dentales, 2) priorizar el uso de exámenes extraorales, como la radiografía panorámica o CBCT, bajo el principio de ALADAIP y 3) se deben usar los exámenes intraorales solo en caso de falta de dispositivos de imágenes extraorales, o por la necesidad de resolver tareas de diagnóstico en las que tienen un valor de diagnóstico superior al de los exámenes extraorales.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Biosecurity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Dental imaging examination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[CBCT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Bioseguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Examen dental por imagen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CBCT]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yuen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ye]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DY]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell and Bioscience]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spagnuolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[de Vito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rengo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tatullo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 outbreak: An overview on dentistry]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perlman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus: novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shereen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kazmi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bashir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Advanced Research. Elsevier B.V.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>91-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[He]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: Reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[BioScience Trends]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[CASO CONFIRMADO POR COVID-19 EN COSTA RICA]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Situación Nacional COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lake]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical medicine]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<page-range>124-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintanilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hidalgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Recomendaciones de la Sociedadde Radiología Oral y Máxilo Facial de Chile respecto a la indicación de exámenes imagenológicos dento-maxilofaciales y manejo de pacientes en contexto de pandemia por Coronavirus (COVID-19)]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Lineamiento técnico para la prevención y contención de COVID-19 para odontólogos y personal auxiliar de Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavarría]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marín]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obando]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Recomendaciones para la atención exclusiva de emergencias y urgencias odontológicas durante la pandemia por COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>American Dental Association</collab>
<source><![CDATA[What Constitutes a Dental Emergency?]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jhaveri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Echoes of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in the COVID Pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clinical Therapeutics]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[White]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scarfe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schulze]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.K.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lurie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Douglass]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Image Gently in Dentistry campaign: Promotion of responsible use of maxillofacial radiology in dentistry for children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>118</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>257-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerberding]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dixie Snider]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thacker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hewitt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dental Health-Care Settings-2003]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MMWR]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>52</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Whaites]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drage]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<edition>5th</edition>
<page-range>493</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Edinburgh ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oenning]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacobs]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pauwels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stratis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hedesiu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salmon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cone- beam CT in paediatric dentistry: DIMITRA project position statement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatric Radiology]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<page-range>308-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dave]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coulthard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Seoudi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Letter to the Editor: Use of Dental Radiography in the COVID-19 Pandemic]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Dental Research]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Center for Disease Control</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Steps Healthcare Facilities Can Take Now to Prepare for COVID-19]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Center for Disease Control</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Dental Settings]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kampf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Todt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pfaender]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steinmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Hospital Infection]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>246-51</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[W.B. Saunders Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kooraki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hosseiny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Myers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gholamrezanezhad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: What the Department of Radiology Should Know]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the American College of Radiology]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>447-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Center for Disease Control</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in HealthcareSettings]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>ADA</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission]]></source>
<year></year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
