<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-3403</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Economía y Sociedad]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Economía y Sociedad]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-3403</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-34032020000100126</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/eys.25-57.7</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Empleo formal y libertad económica regional en México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Formal employment and regional economic freedom in mexico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Emprego formal e liberdade econômica regional no méxico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Isaac]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sánchez Juárez]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosa M.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[García-Almada]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Colegio de la Frontera Norte ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Colegio de la Frontera Norte ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>57</numero>
<fpage>126</fpage>
<lpage>158</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-34032020000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-34032020000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-34032020000100126&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN ¿La libertad económica se correlacionó positivamente con el empleo formal en México? La investigación que se presenta responde a esta pregunta. Se usaron datos del periodo 2003-2015 de las treinta y dos entidades federativas, así como de las regiones frontera norte y sur, a partir de lo cual se crearon varios paneles estimados con los métodos de efectos fijos, aleatorios y generalizado de momentos (GMM). Usando GMM para las treinta y dos entidades se encontró que la libertad económica se correlacionó negativamente con el empleo, la elasticidad fue -0.04. Para la frontera norte se halló que la elasticidad del empleo con respecto a la libertad económica fue positiva (aunque estadísticamente no significativa), mientras que en la región sur la elasticidad fue negativa (-2.20). Por ello, reducir el gasto del gobierno y los impuestos, así como flexibilizar el mercado de trabajo (mayor libertad económica) no son las mejores opciones de política para crear empleo formal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT The paper aimed to answer whether economic freedom positively correlated with formal employment in Mexico. Data for the 2003-2015 period from the thirty-two federal entities and the northern and southern borders were used to create estimated panel data through fixed effects, random effects, and generalized method of moments (GMM). Economic freedom was negatively correlated with employment and elasticity was -0.04 for the thirty-two entities, while the elasticity of employment was positive (although statistically not significant) with respect to economic freedom for the northern border but negative (-2.20) for the southern region. Consequently, reducing government expenditure and taxes, as well as making the job market more flexible (greater economic freedom) are not the best policy options to create formal employment.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[RESUMO A liberdade econômica correlacionou positivamente com o emprego formal no México? A pesquisa apresentada responde à pergunta. Dados do período 2003-2015 foram utilizados nas trinta e duas unidades federativas, bem como nas regiões da fronteira norte e sul, a partir dos quais vários painéis avaliados foram criados mediante os métodos de efeitos fixos, aleatórios e dos momentos generalizados (GMM). Ao usar o GMM para as trinta e duas entidades, verificou-se que a liberdade econômica foi correlacionada negativamente com o emprego, sendo a elasticidade de -0,04. Para a fronteira norte, verificou-se que a elasticidade do emprego em relação à liberdade econômica era positiva (embora não estatisticamente significativa), enquanto na região sul a elasticidade era negativa (-2,20). Portanto, reduzir os gastos do governo e os impostos, e tornar o mercado de trabalho mais flexível (maior liberdade econômica) não são as melhores opções políticas para a criação de emprego formal.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[frontera norte]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[región sur]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[libertad económica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[empleo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[northern border]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[southern region]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic freedom]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[employment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fronteira norte]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[região sul]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[liberdade econômica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[emprego]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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