<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2215-2563</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Geográfica de América Central]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Geog. Amer. Central]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2215-2563</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2215-25632021000100385</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15359/rgac.66-1.15</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Características espectrales del arroz (Oryza sativa L.) bajo condiciones de acamado por paja rugosa (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spectral characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plantations under lying down conditions caused by wrinkle grass (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carlos Enrique]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila-Albarrán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mirian Josefina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis Alipio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificación (MPPP) Instituto de Proyectos Especiales (IPE) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mérida estado Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de los Andes (ULA) Escuela de Geografía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Mérida estado Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hacienda Terranova  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Guanarito estado Portuguesa]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras (MPPAPyT) Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Barquisimeto estado Lara]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>66</numero>
<fpage>385</fpage>
<lpage>406</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100385&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100385&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2215-25632021000100385&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En Venezuela y el mundo, el arroz es uno de los principales cereales que cubre los requerimientos calóricos del ser humano. La productividad de este cultivo es afectada significativamente por las malezas, dentro de las que destaca la paja rugosa (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.) por su capacidad de modificar la geometría del dosel, condición desventajosa llamada acamado. Esta modificación de la arquitectura de la planta es analizada y comparada con una plantación sana; a través del comportamiento espectral captado por las imágenes Sentinel 2A. Bajo condiciones de acamado la reflectancia de la plantación de arroz aumenta significativamente en la banda rojo (B4), mientras decrece en las del infrarrojo cercano; efecto que se detecta al inicio de la floración, aproximadamente a los 88 días después de la siembra. El uso de índices de vegetación (VIs), particularmente RVI y NDVI, permitieron diferenciar las plantaciones de arroz sanas y las afectadas por el acamado. Las bandas espectrales que más aportaron a la discriminación de las áreas afectadas son la B4 de la región del visible y la B11 y B12 de la región del infrarrojo medio.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In Venezuela and worldwide, rice is a staple cereal that satisfies the caloric requirements of human beings. The productivity of this crop is significantly affected by weeds, among which Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. stands out due to its capacity of inducing modifications in the canopy geometry of rice plants, a disadvantageous condition termed lying down. The latter plant architecture alteration is analyzed and compared to that of a healthy rice plantation by means of spectral behavior analysis employing Sentinel 2A imagery. Under lying down conditions, the reflectance of rice plantations increases significantly in the red band (B4) whilst decreasing in near-infrared bands, the latter effect is characteristically detected at the beginning of the flowering phase, approximately 88 days after sowing. The use of vegetation indices (VIs), particularly RVI and NDVI, allowed differentiating healthy from lying down-afflicted rice plantations; the mayor discrimination spectral bands correspond to B4 in the visible region and B11 and B12 in the mid-infrared region.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Arroz]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Agricultura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Malezas: Sensores remotos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado Portuguesa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Rice]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Agriculture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Weeds]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Remote sensing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Portuguesa state]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El cultivo del arroz en Venezuela.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>59-70</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Venezuela ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA).]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Awan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chauchan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physiological and Morphological Responses of Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. (Wrinkled Grass) to Different Nitrogen Rates and Rice Seeding Rates.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS One]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bridhikitti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Overcamp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estimation of Southeast Asian rice paddy areas with different ecosystems from moderate-resolution satellite imagery.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<numero>146</numero>
<issue>146</issue>
<page-range>113-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cásares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnóstico sobre la situación del manejo de malezas y la resistencia a herbicidas en el cultivo de arroz en Venezuela. Trabajo de ascenso.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>146</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Maracay ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Agronomía. Universidad Central de Venezuela]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chauchan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Weed management in direct-seeded rice systems.]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<page-range>20</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Los Baños (Philippines) ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chauchan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Row spacing and weed control timing affect yield of aerobic rice.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Field Crops Research]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<numero>121</numero>
<issue>121</issue>
<page-range>226-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chavez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Image-based atmospheric corrections. Revisited and improved]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>9</numero>
<issue>9</issue>
<page-range>1025-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>FAO</collab>
<source><![CDATA[El arroz y la nutrición humana. Año internacional del arroz.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Roma, Italia ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tinarelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Chapter 1: Rice Cultivation in the E.U. Ecological.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Conditions and Agronomical Practices. Pesticide Risk Assessment in Rice Paddies: Theory and Practice.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<page-range>24</page-range><publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Elsevier B.V.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mapping Rice Cropping Systems in Vietnam Using an NDVI-Based Time-Series Similarity Measurement Based on DTW Distance.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remote Sensing]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<numero>19</numero>
<issue>19</issue>
<page-range>1-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Guía teórica de Teledetección agrícola. Inventario de cultivos agrícolas.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Diplomado en Teledetección y Sistemas de Información Geográfica aplicado a la Agricultura.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dávila]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mogollón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boscán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monitoreo de la producción de caña de azúcar mediante herramientas de SIG y Teledetección, años 2016-2017, Mérida, Venezuela.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Geográfica de América Central]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>215-36</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Metodología para discriminación de malezas basada en la respuesta espectral de la vegetación.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trabajo de investigación presentado como requisito para optar al título de Magister en Geomática.]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogotá, Colombia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Nacional de Colombia.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>Instituto Geográfico Venezolano Simón Bolívar (IGVSM)</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Geoportal Nacional Simón Bolívar.]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Venezuela ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>IRRI</collab>
<source><![CDATA[1993-1995 IRRI Rice Almanac.]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Manila ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Rice Research Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jing.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Interpretation of the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index isolines in red-NIR reflectance space.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Applied Remote Sensing]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Johnson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wopereis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.C.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mbodi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Diallo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Power]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haefele]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Timing of weed management and yield losses due to weeds in irrigated rice in the Sahel.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Field Crop Research]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>31-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khush]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[What it will take to feed 5 billion rice consumers in 2030.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Plant molecular Biology]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>59</numero>
<issue>59</issue>
<page-range>1-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Knipling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Physical and physiological basis for the reflectance of visible and near-infrared radiation from vegetation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remote sensing of environment.]]></source>
<year>1970</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>155-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lubigan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moody]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ischaemum rugosum some aspects of growth, competitiveness, and control.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<page-range>29</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Los Baños, Philippines ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Research Rice Institute]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mosleh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hassan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Q.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chowdhury.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Application of Remote Sensors in Mapping Area and Forecasting Its Production:]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[A Review. Sensors.]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>769-91</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nguyen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wagner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[European Rice Cropland Mapping with Sentinel-1 Data: The Mediterranean Region Case Study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>392</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuarsa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fumihiko]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiharu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spectral Characteristics and Mapping of Rice Plants Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Agricultural Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>54-67</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Teledetección fundamental.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>3ra</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros en Topografía, Geodesia y Cartografía, Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía. Universidad Politécnica-Madrid]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Respuesta espectral en el cultivo de Arroz (Oryza sativa L.) en dos fases fenológicas durante el período invernal 2014. (Trabajo especial de grado).]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Quito, Ecuador ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Universidad Central del Ecuador.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blanco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zambrano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischer.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estado actual de la resistencia de Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Al herbicida bispiribac-sodio en Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bioagro]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>79-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paredes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Becerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Producción de Arroz: Buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA).]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Boletín INIA]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<numero>36</numero>
<issue>36</issue>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Ministerio de Agricultura.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paruelo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La caracterización funcional de ecosistemas mediante sensores remotos.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ecosistemas]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>4-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<collab>QGIS Development Team. Version 2.18.14.</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Quantum GIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Detection of rice sheath blight for in season disease management using multispectral remote sensing.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>115-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richardson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wiegand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distinguishing Vegetation from Soil Background Information.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing]]></source>
<year>1977</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>1551-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rondeaux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Steven]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bare.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remote Sensing and Environment]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>95-107</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rouse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. W. Jr.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deering]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retrogradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation 371Greenbelt]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[MD NASA/GSFC Type III Final Report. (Google Scholar)]]></source>
<year>1974</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thenkabail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lyon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Thematic mapper vegetation indices for determination soybean and corn growth parameter.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>437-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mecanismos de resistencia de Paja Rugosa (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb.) al herbicida Bispiribac-Sodio en el cultivo de arroz.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bioagro]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>95-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tucker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Red and photographic infrared linear combination for monitoring vegetation.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remote Sensing of Environment]]></source>
<year>1979</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>127-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Viollier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Belsher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[L.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Loubersac.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Signatures spectrales des objets du littoral]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing, SP-247 (Les Arcs: ESA)]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<page-range>253-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Spectral characteristic of rice plants infested by Brown planthopper.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceeding of the national Science Council]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>180-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xiao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhuang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frolking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Li]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Mapping paddy rice agriculture in Southern China using multitemporal MODIS images.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Remote Sensing of Environment]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>95</volume>
<page-range>480-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
